Term
| The continued use of the drug despite negative consequences |
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Definition
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Term
| the bridge between abuse and addiction |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms have never met the criteria for dependence |
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Definition
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Term
| "I'm a town drunk"--- three or more within 12 months |
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Definition
| DSM-IV criteria for Substance Dependent |
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Term
| seek intoxicants in the wild: Marula tree? |
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Definition
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Term
| seek intoxicants in the wild: Eucalyptus |
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Definition
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Term
| seek intoxicants in the wild: green/yellow lichen |
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Definition
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Term
| seek intoxicants in the wild: opium poppies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organ --> Defect --> Symptoms of Disease |
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Term
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Definition
| highest rate per capita in the world (2.3 million); 1/100 behind bars |
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Term
| higher functions- maintain control over the rest of the brain; planning, motivating action, memory, emotion, also communicates with the REWARD SYSTEM |
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Definition
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Term
| collection of neurons located in the forebrain; close associations with the VTA; Functions: Reward,s Salience, Laughter/pleasure, preservation |
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Definition
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Term
| located in the midbrain atop the brainstem, one of the most primitive parts of the brain, synthesizes DA and transports to NAcc via axons |
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Definition
| Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) |
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Term
| Rats preferentially self-administer stimuli to the Reward Centers |
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Definition
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Term
| The Midbrain is your SURVIVAL brain; it handles: |
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Definition
| eat! kill! (defend) sex! drug! |
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Term
| dysregulation of the midbrain dopamine system (pleasure center) resultling in the symptoms of decreased brain functioning, specifically: loss of control, craving/suffering, persistent drug use despite negative consequences |
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Definition
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Term
| something stands out against the landscape of life, predominating over all other stimuli; cues for BOTH pleasure and pain send DA coursing through the NAc to attract our attention --> Survival mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| With each use, DA floods the system: (The cycle) |
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Definition
| reinforcing the memory, pushing other stimuli into the background |
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Term
| Animal studies: dendrites in the NAc bloom --> |
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Definition
| increasing synaptic connections; changes can remain in place for months to years |
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Term
| DA floods the system (the progression) |
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Definition
| reinforcing memory, pushing other stimuli into the background, the midbrain becomes less affected by the frontal cortex |
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Term
| The volume of the frontal cortex is "dialed down" (progression) |
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Definition
| reduction in grey matter, damage to neurons, reduction in metabolic capacity, downward spiral of loss of control |
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Term
| cocaine, amphetatamines stimulate the release of |
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Definition
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Term
| LSD stimulates release of |
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Definition
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Term
| heroin stimulates release of |
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Definition
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Term
| benzodiazepines stimulates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glutamate (GLU) and (GABA) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| associated with decreased DA receptors in the midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
| attributable to genetic factors |
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Definition
| about 40-60% of the vulnerability to addiction |
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Term
| The prevalence of addiction (all substances) in the population is approximately |
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Definition
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Term
| The hippocampus is very important in the cycle of addiction because |
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Definition
| it facilitates the storage of specific memories related to drug use |
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Term
| Good example of a correlation between non-human animal and human neuro and neuroendocrine changes |
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Definition
| hamster menstrual cycle synchronization and the Wellesley effect |
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Term
| When Dr. Olds began his experiments with rodents and brain stimulation, the thinking was that addication was "centered" in the frontal cortex. His experiments: |
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Definition
| suggested that addiction was "centered" in the midbrain |
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Term
| There is no one gene responsible for addiction; however _____ % of vulnerability to addiction is attributable to genetics |
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Definition
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Term
| Different addictive drugs cause different overt effects. For example, cocaine is very stimulating and oxycodone is typically sedating. However, addictive drugs seem to cause what common neural effect? |
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Definition
| They all stimulate dopamine in the midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| is not truly addictive; is not associated with significant dopamine secretion from the midbrain; and though has a minor withdrawal is not typically with an unrelenting mental compulsion to drink it |
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Term
| Used mind-altering substances |
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Definition
| George W. Bush, William J. Clinton, John F. Kennedy |
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