Term
|
Definition
| argue that the Soviet goal of world-wide expansion of Communism has not altered since 1917. Policies of economic/military aid were necessary and successful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the UN would regulate atomic energy and the UN would ban the use of nuclear energy for weapons.The US agreed to turn over all of its weapons on the condition that all other countries pledge not to produce them and agree to an adequate system of inspection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "father of CONTAINMENT"--holding back the forward march of Soviet expansionism, not in a manner to provoke war, but in order to produce a stalemate until the time would come that the Soviet Union would reform from within |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first application of containment -- 1947, military/economic aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent their fall to communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka European Recovery Program ERP; after failure of UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency) -- whereby the US supplied the Western European countries with $ aid to enable them to purchase food, fuel, etc--to avoid collapse and to achieve a level of self-sustaining economic growth. The American program to aid Europewhere the US gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies post WW2 in order to prevent the spread of Soviet communism. began april 1947, ran for 4 yrs.
goals: rebuild war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous again.
twas successful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization aka North Atlantic Alliance-- military alliance between Western Europe and US against Soviet Union/Warsaw pact (1955, a mutual defense treaty between 8 communist states of eastern europe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasize Soviet security requirements which Hitler's invasion made abundantly clear. In response to Western inflexibility to Soviet gov't became less flexible and concluded that the only complete control of neighboring countries and means of a Communist satellite gov't could ensure Soviet security. Soviet/American policies were the same in Western/Eastern Europe. Baruch Plan -- not altruistic/generous. Truman doesn't give aid that FDR promised -> ruined possibility of coexistence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. the US policy in early cold war years = hesitant, in between traditionalists/revisionists
2. Cultural Contacts - non existant - SOVIET PERCEPTION - EVIL - from ally to evil |
|
|
Term
| The Communist Victory (Mao Zedong) |
|
Definition
| was due to inefficiency and corruption on the part of the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek and to superior organization and greater popularity of the Communist side |
|
|
Term
| The White Paper aka the China White Paper |
|
Definition
1949, "the ominous result of the civil war in China was beyond the control of the gov't of the US" -- reception in US illustrated that cold logic was unlikely to convince the majority of Americans on the emotive subject of China. American public believed -- sell out at Yalta (for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe), insufficient aid to China, and communists within US state department.
attempted to dismiss any misinterpretations of American and Chinese diplomacy towards each other. doc argued that American intervention in China was doomed to failure.
was counterproductive, only convinced critics that administration failed to check communist spread in China |
|
|
Term
| Yalta Conference aka sellout at Yalta ***check green book for our notes to add to this flashcard |
|
Definition
| 1945, wartime meeting of US, UK, and Soviet heads of gov't FDR, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss Europe's post war organization. |
|
|
Term
| Korean War EFFECT on US-China Relation |
|
Definition
| did not admit communist China to UN and used US Navy to block invasion of Formosa. Drove China to seek alliance w. Soviet Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stalin (ambivalent relationship w. China) -- negotiation of a trade/military alliance with the Soviet Union. treaty of alliance between People's Republic of China and Soviet Union, 1950 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to show communist China the incompatibility of China w. Soviet Union/ the benefits of Western economies. |
|
|
Term
| 38th Parallel *look up what Boyle says, ch 7 |
|
Definition
border between North and South Korea--decided upon by Soviet Union and America in WW2 -- McArthur -- dire consequences for invading NK bcs of China's intervention
June 1950, NK forces crossed the parallel and invaded SK, sparking the korean war |
|
|
Term
committees on the decision to unify
*look up in boyle ch 7 |
|
Definition
Council of Foreign Ministers in Moscow
Soviet-American Commission
United Nations Temporary Commission in Korea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| support for American intervention in NK was forthcoming. -- UN resolution for NK. America has to support UN and demonstrate military force or allow UN to become like league of nations, 1950 |
|
|
Term
| State Department Office of North-East Asian Affairs |
|
Definition
| John Allison (US ambassador to Japan) -- favored invasion of North Korea; or else Soviet Union would go unpunished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1945, heads of gov't of USSR (Stalin), USA (Truman), UK (Churchill + Atlee)
gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany
goals: establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war |
|
|
Term
National Security Council
*double check online or in boyle |
|
Definition
| Oct 1950, advised Truman against moving north: expulsion of NK from SK was victory enough; Joint Chiefs of Staff disagreed, said military doctrine said NK military had to be completely destroyed to avoid repeat. McArthur crossed in Sept. 1950 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1950, involved decision to make containment of communist expansion a high priority
Korean War acted as a catalyst for acceptance of the analysis of the world situation and recommended for *dramatic increases in defense spending* -- CREATED THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX (IKE-FAREWELL ADDRESS) -- Military Assistance Program -- after korean war -- w. allies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Co-ordinating Committee of the Paris Consultative Group of Nations
aka coordinating committee for multilateral export controls
-- formed to establish regulations for trade with the Soviet Union by the US, Western Europe, and Japan -- no military trade with Soviet Union
put arms embargo on COMECON (warsaw pact) countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951
banned American military assistance to nations which exported to the Soviet Union items on a stipulated list |
|
|
Term
| summary of ch. 7: the korean war |
|
Definition
armistice between US, NK, and China
peace talks during war heightened tensions
Ike/Stalin's death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arose partly from rational concerns over Soviet expansionist ambitions and possible infiltration into the US gov't of American communists whose ideological allegiance to the Soviet Union was stronger than their loyalty to the US |
|
|
Term
| Temporary Committee on Employment Loyalty |
|
Definition
basis of its report issued an executive order in 1947 establishing a new loyalty program for the federal gov't,
purging gov't posts from those who supported communism |
|
|
Term
| foreign affairs committee |
|
Definition
| after investigations carried out by Congress and hearings on communists in gov't before four committees --> stated communists have been swept out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Internal Security Act, 1950
required communist organizations to register with the Attorney General and furnish membership lists, withheld passports from communists and denied entry int America of aliens who belonged to communist organizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made it illegal to advocate the overthrow the gov't in 1940 |
|
|
Term
| The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA) or House UN-American Activities Committee (HUAC) |
|
Definition
1947-1975, was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. Committee that investigated possible communism in American gov't during Red Scare. Alger Hiss/Rosenburg
committee established in 1938 by House of Representatives to investigate individual Americans/organizations who might be linked to Nazis or kkk. After World War II, as fear of Soviet Union spread, HUAC was used to investigate those suspected of having ties to Communism or of being Soviet agents. Congressman Richard M. Nixon played a key role on the committee and used his power to prosecute many, including federal employee Alger Hiss in 1950. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a term used to describe the making of accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Originally coined to criticize the anti-communist pursuits of US Senator Joseph McCarthy, "McCarthyism" soon took on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts.
ULTIMATE IRRATIONALITY -- WITHIN SENATOR MCCARTHY -- DEMONSTRATED ECONOMY W. THE TRUTH THROUGHOUT CAREER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Senator Tydings condemned McCarthy, labelled his charges "a fraud and a hoax" -- was condemned as a communist sympathizer and lost political credulity |
|
|
Term
| Committee of Gov't Operations |
|
Definition
| (w. its permanent subcommittee on investigations) McCarthy was head -- investigated many departments in american gov't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congressional hearings 1954 took place after McCarthy accused ranking U.S. Army officers of being Communists/ Soviet spies. millions of Americans watched the televised courtroom proceedings as McCarthy publicly humiliated himself without offering a shred of evidence. The hearings earned McCarthy an official censure from his fellow senators, finished his political career, and effectively ended the Red hunts. |
|
|
Term
| sociological analyses of the roots of McCarthyism have varied in their conclusions -- |
|
Definition
| but it would seem MC offered an outlet not only for pent-up tensions of businessmen (liberty league) against the New Deal -- but more broadly for the alienation of the forgotten small man in American society in an age of complex problems |
|
|
Term
| Eisenhower aka IKE -- Farewell Address: "military-industrial complex" |
|
Definition
| was created by arms manufacturers, sub-comtractors, trade unions, etc -- whole web of interests whose prosperity was open to jeopardy by detente and they insist a continual arms build up |
|
|
Term
| Berlin Blockade -- Berlin Airlift |
|
Definition
the berlin blockade (24 June 1947- 12 May 1949) was one of the first major int'l crises of the Cold War and the first resulting in casualties. During the multinational occupation of post-WW2 Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin w. food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city.
airlift: dropping of thousands of tons of food and medical supplies to starving West Berliners after Stalin closed off all highway and railway access to the city in mid-1948. Stalin hoped to cut off British, French, and American access to the conquered German city, but Pres Truman, determined not to lose face or the city, ordered American military planes to drop provisions from the air. The blockade was foiled, and Stalin finally lifted it in 1949. |
|
|
Term
| liberation vs. containment |
|
Definition
| republican campaign slogan; emphasized containment as a contradiction of American values (emotional undercurrent) |
|
|
Term
| Captive People's Resolution aka Captive Nations Resolution |
|
Definition
| which affirmed America's support for freedom in Eastern Europe/freedom of nations under undemocratic regimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1956, was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the gov't of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 Oct until 10 Nov 1956 -- also, East Germany's revolt, which indicated America's policy of non-intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
took over Bulganin's post as Chairman of the Council of Ministers while he was also the first secretary of the communist party -- unquestioned supremacy/new leader after stalin
responsible for the partial de-stalinization of the soviet union, for backing the progress of the early soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Russian political newspaper associated with the Communist Party of the Russian Federation,
published Eisenhower (Ike's) April speech about the mutual economic benefits for the US/Soviet Union due to mutual restraints in arms expenditure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeptical of soviet intentions. UNDER dulles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1955, useful step in the process of humanizing the US-Soviet relationship and moving away from Stalin's years -- through "spirit of geneva" -- cultural/educational exchanges
purpose was to bring world leaders together to begin discussions of peace. although those discussions led down many different roads (arms negotiations, trade barriers, diplomacy, nuclear warfare, etc), the talks were influenced by the common goal for increased global security |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remained unsigned,
Austrian Peace Treaty signed by Soviet Union; goodwill
(re-established austria as a free, sovereign, and democratic state) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in defense policy were spelled out most dramatically in Dulles's statements on brinkmanship, namely willingness to go to the brink of war in order to deter an adversary |
|
|
Term
| sent 7th fleet to Formosa |
|
Definition
| strong policy towards China; anti-china |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
France surrenders to Vietnamese resistance. America in breach of this agreement established the Republic of South Vietnam - under Diem 17th parallel
carefully worded the division of northern and southern Vietnam as a "provisional military demarcation line"; NOT a territorial boundary |
|
|
Term
| Titoism/National Communism |
|
Definition
variant of marxist-leninism
isolation of a different kind of brand of communism,
primarily used to describe the specific socialist system built in Yugoslavia -- isolate/different/resistant to Soviet Union brand of communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a war fought by Britain, France, and Israel against Egypt beginning on 29 Oct 1956
with the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations playing major roles in forcing Britain, France and Israel to withdraw
The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal, after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam, which was partly in response to Egypt recognizing the People's Republic of China during the height of tensions between China and Taiwan.[11]
The three allies, especially Israel, were mainly successful in attaining their immediate military objectives, but pressure from the United States and the USSR at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw. Britain and France completely failed in their political and strategic aim of controlling the canal. Israel fulfilled some of its objectives, attaining the freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran and the pacification of the Egyptian-Israeli border through UNEF. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutually assured destruction |
|
|
Term
| presidents of the US during the cold war |
|
Definition
H. S. Truman (1945-53)
D. D. Eisenhower (1953-61)
J. F. Kennedy (1961-63)
L. B. Johnson (1963-69)
R. Nixon (1969-74)
G. Ford (1974-77)
J. Carter (1977-81)
R. Reagan (1981-89)
G. Bush Sr. (1989-93) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| national security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954-1991 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| JFK's failed plan to invade Cuba and topple Castro with an army of CIA-trained Cuban exiles in 1961. Although Kennedy had originally intended to use the U.S. Air Force to help the exiled Cubans retake the island, he unexpectedly withdrew support shortly before the operation started. As a result, the invasion failed utterly, actually consolidated Castro’s power, and pushed Cuba into signing a treaty with the Soviet Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intercontinental ballistic missile/first artificial earth satellite
two soviet technological advances that worried the US public/gov't about the status of the technology and military arms race |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
U2 spy pilot shot down over Soviet Union -- Krushev used this to full propaganda advantage--mood of detente
1960 U2 incident
(detente is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. term is often used in reference to the general easing relations between Soviet Union and US in 1970s. detente is an alternative strategy to rollback, the strategy of destroying an enemy state, and containment, which means preventing the expansion of the enemy state) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kennedy criticized non-existant military gap between soviet/US and criticized Eisenhower for reducing military spending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| submarine launched ballistic missiles -- advancement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kennedy introduced the concept of flexible response in place of massive retaliation (MAD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1961, kennedy's new aid program for Latin America -- Good Neighbor policy -- promote progressive democratic development, aimed to establish economic cooperation between US and LA
bay of pigs portrayed big stick theory (idea of negotiating peacefull while threatening with a "big stick") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1961, between kennedy/kruschev, ideological debate
range of topics, including the position of Laos and the broader conflict in Indochina, nuclear disarmament, and ideological musings. Discussions over Berlin, however, dominated the meeting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the threat against Berlin -> cut off contact y land and gave control of land access to East Germany
fell in nov 1989 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
national liberation front -- coalition of communists/non communists against Diem's gov't sponsored by Ho Chi Minh (new frontier -- indochina in cold war)
political organization + army in S. Vietnam + Cambodia that fought US and won |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1961, CIA covert attempts to kill Castro
was a secret program of terrorism against Cuba to remove the communists from power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
executive Commitee on National Security Council
1962, during cuban missile crisis
were held secret meetings regarding the actions that should be taken against the Soviet lacement of missiles in Cuba
McNamara suggested a naval blockade (no war, just blocking of ships)
letters between kruschev + kennedy (U2 pilot shot down), agreement between the two = removal of soviet missiles, US removal of missiles from Turkey and not invade cuba |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1963, kennedy's enthusiasm/energy after cuban missile crisis focused on nuclear test ban than military arms build up -- banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons (underground still allowed) -- the first disarmament agreement in post-war history -- breaking the psychological deadlock in disarmament talks and improving considerably the overall atmosphere in US Soviet Relations |
|
|
Term
| Ich bin ein Berliner "I am a Berliner" |
|
Definition
1963 speech by JFK
kennedy supporting West Berlin against Berlin Wall-- portrayed himself as a champion of freedom and democracy against totalitarian communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supported with RUSK -- misapplication of containment in vietnam as in Iran, Berlin, Korea |
|
|
Term
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
|
Definition
| 1964, following allegedly unprovoked attacks on American vessels by N Vietnamese gunboats in the Gulf of Tonkin, led Congress to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, giving the pres a virtual free hand in the use of American forces in Vietnam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two leaders after Kruschev (who fell bcs of internal affairs: agriculture + humiliation of backing down during cuban missile crisis) -- goal of achieving nuclear parity w. US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1960-89
became apparent after 1960's -- growing competition for leadership in the communist world -- outbreak of Great Cultural Revolution in China |
|
|
Term
| Cultural Agreement of 1958 |
|
Definition
| trade/cultural contact between US/Soviet Union -- steady improvement |
|
|
Term
| special committee on trade relations |
|
Definition
| ascertained that trade was the means of reducing animosities between US and Soviet Union -- Johnson agreed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1967, Kosygin came to US (did not meet in DC bcs of Vietnam) met at Glassboro in NJ -- as w. previous summits at Geneva in 1955 and Camp David in 1959 -- the Galssboro summit produced an outburst of goodwill in AMerica and good personal relations between Johnson and Kosygin -- Arms control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-ballistic missile: defense system in which the other side would pursue to heighten arms race if utilized to combat offensive inadequacies. Kosygin argues that ABM was morally more valuable than MAD (mutually assured destruction) in the form of a massive counterstrike - johnson - neither side would be secure bcs each would pursue ABM systems of offensively overcoming it -- produced heightened arms race |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crisis that arose after the USSR shot down an American U-2 spy plane flying over the USSR on a reconnaissance mission in 1960. President Dwight D. Eisenhower initially denied that the incident occurred until Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev presented the captured American pilot. The president’s refusal to apologize or halt future spy missions caused the collapse of a joint summit among Great Britain, France, the United States, and the USSR in May 1960. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S1 1973 S2 1979
strategic arms limitation talks
between US and Soviet Union on the issues of arms controls
should begin after glassboro |
|
|
Term
| nuclear non-proliferation treaty |
|
Definition
signed by US/Soviet Union and many other nations, to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear powers
opened 1968, enforced 1970 |
|
|
Term
| Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia |
|
Definition
january-august 1968
a period of political liberalization in czechoslovakia
hopes quietly developed for gradual liberalization and greater freedom from Moscow
Novotny (still loyal to warsaw pact/communism on int'l level, but liberal in respect to domestic issues): "communism with a human face"
reforms were an attempt by Dubček to grant additional rights to the citizens in an act of partial decentralization of the economy and democratization. The freedoms granted included a loosening of restrictions on the media, speech and travel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
military campaign launched jan 1968 by People's Army of Vietnam
NV offensive in which they attacked many targets in SV including US embassy -- ended w. military defeat, but the beginning of the end of American involvement in Vietnam |
|
|
Term
| Democratic National Convention, Chicago Aug 1968 |
|
Definition
nation out of control --
violent demonstrations/police brutality following MLK jr. assassination and RFKennedy assassination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1968
had been proclaimed, namely that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East European country which deviated from the path of orthodox communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term is often used in reference to the general easing of relations between the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1970s, a thawing at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War. In the Soviet Union, détente was known in Russian: as разрядка ("razryadka", loosely meaning relaxation, discharge). Détente is an alternative strategy to rollback, the strategy of destroying an enemy state, and containment, which means preventing the expansion of the enemy state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nixon (as eisenhower's vp) 1959
a series of impromptu exchanges (through interpreters) between then US VP Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park, Moscow, July 1959
for the exhibition, an entire house was built that the american exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford. It was filled w. labor-saving + recreational devices meant to represent the fruits of the capitalist American consumer market |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Diplomacy |
|
Definition
| national security advisor of nixon = kissinger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1969-75
Nixon's policy to bring about gradual reductions and eventual total withdrawal of American troops while enabling the South Vietnamese to prevent Communist victory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
early 1970s (1971 when players entered)
Chinese invitation for American table tennis team to play in China (snow journalist at National Day Parade 1970 with Mao Zedong)
tension between Soviets-China now unavoidable
event marked a thaw in U.S.–China relations that paved the way to a visit to Beijing by President Richard Nixon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1969
West Germany's detente policy with Soviet Union
non-aggression Pact treaty -- nixon believed too many one-sided concessions
the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) beginning in 1969.
an effort to break with the policies of the Christian Democratic Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1972 - Nixon + Kissinger
whereas the Beijing summit was largely symbolic, the Moscow summit covered a wide range of substantial matters, particularly arms control, economic issues, cultural, scientific and educational exchanges, avoidance of incidents at sea and a Basic Principles Agreement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1973
strategic arms limitation treaty
limited the deployment of antiballistic missile (ABM) defenses to two sites, one of which would be the capital of each nation. This was advantageous for the United States, since the Soviets were considerably ahead in the development and deployment of ABM systems. An interim agreement, to last five years, placed a limit on the number of missiles (referred to as launchers) that each side could deploy.
also, establishment of Standing Consultative Committee for discussion of suspected treaty infringement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
signed 1972 (US left 2002)
only set up defense missile sites around capital/one ICBM
(intercontinental ballistic missile) launching site
treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Moscow Summit, along w. SALT 1 - soviet economic backwardness made urgently necessary the acquisition of technological equipment/grain from US
most favorite nation status, was pending congressional approval
Nixon and Kissinger negotiated a major grain deal (with financial credits) at the summit |
|
|
Term
| Basic Principles Agreement |
|
Definition
1972,
implied that, while ideological competition between capitalism and communism would continue, it would be conducted by means of peaceful competition
Signed agreement during the Moscow Conference in Nixon’s years (1972) that signalled that the US would live by peaceful co-existence with the USSR and engage in peaceful ideological competition. |
|
|
Term
| Watergate complex/scandal |
|
Definition
june 1972
burglar/operations connected with CREEP (campaign to re-elect president): apparently trivial incident (break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex) set into motion the course of events which not only destroyed Nixon's presidency and forced his resignation, but profoundly affected the process of detente and the course of US-Soviet Relations
pres prosecuted by Erwin Committee |
|
|
Term
Defense Condition III
DEFCON |
|
Definition
world-wide nuclear alert to prevent Soviet intervention in Yom Kippur War 1973
Increase in force readiness above that required for normal readiness
proved that Basic Principles Agreement was worthless |
|
|
Term
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC |
|
Definition
a cartel of oil-producing nations whose Arab members were emboldened to support sharp oil price increases following Yom Kippur War
political mood in America turned sour w. inflation/recession |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevented the executive branch from taking America to war w.out congressional approval and passed the Cooper Amendment which brought bombing in IndoChina to an end |
|
|
Term
| Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Reform Bill |
|
Definition
1974
requiring Soviet agreement to permit large-scale emigration of Jews from the Soviet Union before Congress would ratify the trade agreement and grant Most Favored Nation Status to Soviet Union
trade act 1974
passed to help industry in the United States become more competitive or phase workers into other industries or occupation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seemed to indicate a continuation of Detente - the final session of the Conference on Security + Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) (created by Congress in 1976 to monitor and encourage compliance with the Helsinki Final Act and other Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE))
commitments brought to fruition yrs of negotiation on various European security issues.
post war boundaries of Europe were given int'l recognition
focused on improving the relations between Communist governments and the Western world, with a goal of reducing Cold War tensions.
consensus among participating nations to promote human rights, adherence to international law and the peaceful resolution of disputes. This was seen as a concession made by the Soviet Union to the West in exchange for the recognition of postwar borders |
|
|
Term
| Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in Vietnam |
|
Definition
| soviets gave encouragement to the Vietnamese to invade Cambodia in 1979 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1979
Africa to SW Asia (which Carter's National Security Advisor Zbigniew termed 3rd world countries) saw universal expansion of communism |
|
|
Term
| Senate Armed Services Committee |
|
Definition
Henry Jackson - big critic of SALT 1 - amendmentts to trade reform bill/trade act 1974 w. jewish emigration
soviet union refused to comply so the entire package (including Lend-Lease repayment and grant of Most Favored Nation Status) was rejected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1977
state department issued a statement of sympathy for dissident group in Czechoslovakia
informal civic initiative in communist Czechoslovakia from 1976 to 1992
criticized the government for failing to implement human rights provisions of a number of documents it had signed, including the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia, the Final Act of the 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Basket III of the Helsinki Accords), and United Nations covenants on political, civil, economic, and cultural rights |
|
|
Term
| american-chinese quasi alliance |
|
Definition
| granted most favored nation status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sept 1978
between Carter, Sadat (egyptl), and Begin (israel)
Carter's middle east policy cut out Soviet Union + promoted American unilateral advantage
peace between egypt and israel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1979, left 1986
withdrawal of this proposal of deeper cuts in nuclear arsenals of both sides
from the US senate marked the derailment of arms negotiation
death of detente
first nuclear arms treaty which assumed real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories of delivery vehicles on both sides |
|
|
Term
| Committee on the Present Danger |
|
Definition
warning that a window of vulnerability was being opened which could allow a surprise Soviet first strike to destroy America's entire land-based missile force on the ground.
re-formed in 1976 to push for larger defense budgets and arms buildups, to counter the Soviet Union. |
|
|
Term
| Iranian Hostage Affair/Crisis |
|
Definition
nov 1979- jan 1981
embodiment of America's feebleness and subjection to constant indignities -- America was unable to prevent overthrow of the Shah, powerless to rescue the 52 members of the AMerican embassy staff
group of Islamist students and militants took over the American Embassy in Tehran in support of the Iranian Revolution.
ended w. algiers accords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
new American rights symbol -- excellent image of what Reagan wanted to express
Reagan's ideology stems from a deep psychological need to repudiate the failure of his father, an alcoholic who was dependent on others. The welfare state symbolizes that dreaded dependency, while the Soviet Union represents the same thing in a malignant form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
march 1983
in a speech in FL Reagan expressed forthright condemnation of communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1983
awarded to Burnham, champion of "liberation" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(the tax cuts stimulated the economy and helped to bring america out of recession, so that gov't income from taxation grew w. economic expansion)
fiscal imprudence -- US interest rates and trade deficits grew - so that the US in Reagan's presidency changed from a creditor nation to a debtor nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accepted the premise that a protracted nuclear war w. the Soviet Union could be fought and recommended improved civil defense measures; shift away from offensive approach MAD
during reagan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of high-yield weapons of mass destruction by two opposing sides would effectively result in the complete, utter and irrevocable annihilation of both the attacker and the defender, becoming thus a war that has no victory nor any armistice but only effective reciprocal destruction. |
|
|
Term
| The Nuclear Freeze Movement |
|
Definition
1980 Forsberg
denounce the nuclear arms race:
Designed to stop the drift toward nuclear war through a U.S.-Soviet agreement to stop the testing, production, and deployment of nuclear weapons
campaign for nuclear disarmament (CND) |
|
|
Term
| arms control and disarmament agency |
|
Definition
1970s
committee on the present danger
mission was to strengthen United States national security by "formulating, advocating, negotiating, implementing and verifying effective arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament policies, strategies, and agreements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
began 1982
strategic arms reduction talks
Reagan criticized SALT as merely limiting the growth of nuclear weapons
aimed at reducing US + Soviet Union arsenals of nuclear warheads and of the missiles and bombers capable of delivering such weapons. |
|
|
Term
| Mutual Balanced Force Reduction (MBFR) |
|
Definition
1973-1989
talks between NATO and Warsaw on conventional arms reductions in Vienna w. no prospect of an agreement |
|
|
Term
| strategic defense initiative |
|
Definition
aka Star Wars, 1983
3intent of this program was to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from other countries, specifically the Soviet Union.
ultimately set aside bcs of "contravening" w. SALT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ideological Offensive against USSR |
|
|
Term
| Caribbean Basin Initiative |
|
Definition
1984,
aimed to provide several tariff and trade benefits to many Central American and Caribbean countries
use American aid as an incentive to bring about economic reform in the region as a means to combat communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10 yr old girl from Maine
1982, wrote a letter to Andropov asking simple questions about war and peace between their two countries.
USA's youngest ambassador for peace |
|
|
Term
| South Korean Airliner 007 |
|
Definition
1983
soviets shot down civilian plane w. 61 americans on board (200+ passengers)
anti-soviet tensions rose considerably |
|
|
Term
| nuclear and space talks 1986 |
|
Definition
consisted of INF (intermediate nuclear forces 1988 agreement eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges),
START (strategic arms reduction treaty, aim: Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, signed 1991 forced 1994)
SDI (strategic defense initiative 1983, to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. focused on strategic defense ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad interpretation -- permitting testing + virtually all but actual deployment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oct 1986 Iceland
Gorbachev made zero-option proposals regarding INF, START, and ABM. Reagan + Gorbachev wanted to get rid of all nuclear weapons, but Reagan clung to SDI -> breakdown of communication at summit bcs Gorbachev didn't believe the US would actually share research |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) |
|
Definition
| 1987 agreement between US and Soviet Union. ratified 1988, goal to eliminate intermediate range and shorter range missiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
early 1980s-1991
US was committed to the containment of communism and also to support the anti-communist forces which were engaged in struggles to bring down marxist regimes
U.S. provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The doctrine was designed to diminish Soviet influence in these regions as part of the administration's overall Cold War strategy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
got around (the Boland Ammendment - imposing a congressional ban on aid to the Contras, along with world court in Hague) whereby arms were sold to iran in exchange for iranian assistance in freeing american hostages w. the profits from the arms sales being diverted to the Contras
a political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior Reagan administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo.[1] Some U.S. officials also hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
were seen by Americans as moves towards political democracy + a free market economy
glasnot: "openness", policy that called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. introduced 2nd half of 1980s
perestroika: "restructuring", a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system. argued to be the cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phrase which illustrated not only Bush's "optimism w. prudence" but also his penchant for garbles prose/uninspiring use of language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
walked out on communist party (leader, Gorbachev) and emerged as president under perestroika reforms in 1991. took back power for Gorbachev by eliminating TASS coup by the committee of national emergency.
vowed to transform Russia's socialist command economy into a free market economy and implemented economic shock therapy, price liberalization and privatization programs.
Much of the Yeltsin era was marked by widespread corruption, inflation, economic collapse and enormous political and social problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1989, a few weeks after fall of berlin wall
Bush + Gorbachev
US support for Gorbachev + his policies
declared end to the cold war |
|
|
Term
| Tiananmen Square Massacre |
|
Definition
| 1989, protestors (protesting against communism) massacred; profoundly atered view towards China, yet still granted most favorable nation status |
|
|
Term
| elimination of ARTICLE VI |
|
Definition
accepted the idea of a multi-party democracy
swiftly led to election of non communists in many countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "the End of History" that american assistance was unnecessary in USSR since the inevitable trends of history were moving the world to the universal triumph of democracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delegate wide reform
independence for the republics in the soviet union
but, would still mean communist control over economic and social life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major countries on earth - promoted greater economic aid to USSR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cover story "health concerns" for coup by reactionaries trying to take power from Gorbachev -- COUP BY COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL EMERGENCY |
|
|
Term
| commonwealth of independent states |
|
Definition
| 1991 attempt by yeltsin to replace soviet union; didn't work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A site in Vietnam where an important French outpost fell to Ho Chi Minh’s pro-Communist forces in 1954. After this defeat, an international conference in Geneva split Vietnam into two nations—North Vietnam and South Vietnam—with the dividing line at the 17th parallel. Ho Chi Minh established a government in the city of Hanoi in North Vietnam, while U.S.-backed Ngo Dinh Diem took control of the South Vietnamese government in Saigon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A doctrine of containment that provided for a variety of military and political strategies that the president could use to stem the spread of Communism. The flexible response plan was developed by Defense and State Department officials in the Kennedy administration who felt that Eisenhower’s “massive retaliation” doctrine restricted the president’s options too much. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A primary component of Dwight D. Eisenhower’s New Look foreign policy that threatened massive nuclear retaliation against the Soviet Union for any Communist aggression abroad. Designed to save the U.S. government money on defense spending, this policy effectively tied Eisenhower’s hands because it limited his options when addressing smaller crises, such as the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Kennedy later dropped the threat of massive retaliation in favor of the doctrine of “flexible response,” which gave the president more options. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An act passed in 1947 that reorganized the U.S. military and espionage services in order to better meet the Soviet threat. The act placed the armed forces under the new secretary of defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff and also created the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council to advise the president. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kennedy’s collective bundle of domestic policies, which called for increased social welfare spending to tackle the growing poverty rate. Opposition in Congress from Republicans and southern Democrats, however, blocked the passage of most New Frontier legislation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The wrongful persecutions of thousands of Americans for being Communists or Soviet spies that took place in the 1940s and 1950s and were led by the Loyalty Review Board and the House Un-American Activities Committee. Congressman Richard Nixon, Senator Joseph McCarthy, and others led these Communist “witch hunts,” often without any shred of evidence. Liberal playwright Arthur Miller, himself among the accused Communists, criticized the Red hunts and McCarthyism in his critically acclaimed play The Crucible, which dealt with the Salem witch trials in seventeenth-century New England. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allowed export of American culture to USSR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1953 to 1959 secretary of state under Eisenhower who helped devise Eisenhower’s New Look foreign policy. Dulles’s policy emphasized massive retaliation with nuclear weapons. In particular, Dulles advocated the use of nuclear weapons against Ho Chi Minh’s Communist forces in Vietnam.
advocated aggressive stance against communism throughout world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the Communist regime (Prague Spring). Later, after the overthrow of the authoritarian government in 1989, he was Chairman of the federal Czecho-Slovak parliament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| xmas bombings, used by Nixon 1972 to coerce N Vietnamese to return to negotiating table |
|
|
