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| The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment; often represented by the Greek letter psi |
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| Relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement |
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| The now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality trains, which can be 'read' from bumps on the skull |
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1832-1920
trained introspection
credited for formally initiating the movement to make psychology a science |
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volunteers were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations, metal images, and emotional reactions.
Rejected as too subjective. |
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| psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness |
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| Psychological Perspectives |
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Biological
Learning
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Pyschodynamic |
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| bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. |
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| Evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior |
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| Environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories |
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| Mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| Social and cultural influences on behavior |
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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| Unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual engery |
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| Free will, personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential |
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Study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application
-'How does peer pressure influence people's attitudes and behavior?' |
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Study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings
-'How can knowledge about peer pressure be used to reduce binge drinking in colleges?' |
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| Ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote |
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| Statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relationships among events or variables and are empirically tested |
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| Precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined |
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| Principle of falsifiability |
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| Scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation |
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| Organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships |
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| Detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated |
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