Major Characteristics

of Porifera

Entirely Aquatic

No true cell layers

Adults are Sessile

Choanocytes

Asymmetrical

(Some radial Symmetric)

The outer cell layer of porifera

Made of Pinococytes

Reside in the Mesohyl of porifera

Used for support and defense

made of CaCO₃ and Silica

ameboid cells in the mesohyl of porifera that perform a variety of functions incuding:

Digesting food

reproduction

spicule formation

choanocyte formation

Asconoid: Simplest

Syconoid:multiple choanocyte chamber bubbles

Leuconoid: Most complex, multiple choanocyte chambers housed within

produced asexually from Porifera

highly resilient

defining characteristic of porifera

use flagella to generate water currents

also captures food and sperm

Because sessile they create highly toxic compounds

bright coloration to warn predators

Clacaera

Demospongia

Hexatinellida

Porifera

Have CaCO₃ Spicules

All three body plans

Species:

Leucosolenia

Grantia

Porifera

Contains most species (80%)

Spicules are Silicious

Most have Leuconoid body plan

Species:

Rhabdodermella

Porifera

Glass Sponges

Spicules exculsively six-rayed siliceous

Pinacoderm replanced by syncytial membrane

syconoid and leuconoid bory plans

Members of either Calcaera or Demospongia

that secerte a massive CaCO₃ skeleton

Major Characteristcs of Cnidaria

Entirely Aquatic

Diploblastic

Radially Symmetric

Sit and Wait predators

Nematocysts (defining characteristic)

Some are naturally florescent (GFP)

Complex genome

epidermous-outside layer

gastrodermis- inside layer

meoglea-acellular matrix seperating both layers

Defining characteristic of Cnidarians

Stinging cells

once triggered shoot into prey 

fastest biological movement

Main structural components:

cnidoblast encloses

capsule which houses

filament which contains

barbs, spines, and toxins

operculum conifines the filament

Cnidocil triggers everything

Cnidarians

used for food and gas exchange

often complex structure of tubes and canals

Medusae-jellyfish style

Polyp-coral style

Cnidarians

House nematocysts

Top of medusae cndarians

comprised mostly of mesoglea

aboral end

Cnidarians

 aboral end

attaches animal to the substrate

Used for support and movement

Combination of water in the cavity and muscles surrounding it to produce movement.

Distinct sexes present

i.e. not hermaphrodyte

Cnidarian Classes

and Orders

Scyphozoa

Hydrozoa

Order Siphonophora

Anthozoa

Subclasses: Hexacorallia

Octocoralliea

Cnidarians

Jellyfish

Polyp and Medusae body plans present

dioecious

 Rhopalia

Internal fertilization (mostly hermaphrodyte)

Brooding (incubating eggs)

indirect developement, short larval stages

parenchymella (inversion of larvae)

Primative kidney like structure found in some animals

contains flame cells

filters out waste and osmoregulates

Life cycle:

gametes become planula larvae become scyphistoma (polyp) become strobilating scyphistoma become ephyra (juvenile jellyfish)  become adult medusoid jellyfish

Snensory structure in Cnidaria Scyphozoa

contains:

Statocysts which can detect tilting

Ocelli which can detect light

Both Medusae and Polyp body plans

polyp form dominant

each polyp called a zooid

colonial

asexual reproduction

some covered with persiarc for protection

polymorphic:

gonozooid

gastrozooiddactylozooid

Class Hydrozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

ex: Portugese man-of-war

When members of a colony can have different body plans allowing them to specialize in different tasks to benefit the entire colony.

Called zooids

Gastrozooid

polymorphic zooid in class hydrozoa

functions in feeding and digestion

polymorphic zooid in class hydrozoa

gives rise to medusae, functions in reproduction

polymorphic zooid in class hydrozoa

functions in colony defense and prey aquisition

Cnidarian

Polyp phase only

pharynx (mouth)

Mesentaries

some possess acontia

subclasses:

hexacorillia

octocoralllia

mouth/throat

found in Anthozoa

Found in the Protonephridia

mesh cup of cilia creates an incurrent of water and screens away large particles that are not intended to leave the animal

Anthozoa

Infolds of the gastrodermis

increases surface area

contain characteristic symmetries (6-fold or 8-fold)

house the gonads

Anthozoa

Filaments loaded with nematocysts that can emerge through the body wall

Anthozoan

Anemones and sea corals

both solitary and colonial

never polymorphic

has six-fold symmetry

tentacles in multiples of 6

Order Scelractinia

Order in class Anthozoa Phylum Cnidaria

Foundation of coral reefs (both trophic and structural)

External CaCO₃ Skeleton 

Polyp sits on top

Anthozoa

Sea whips, sea fans, sea pens, soft corals

Always colonial

8-fold symmetry

8 tentacles

supported by protein or CaCO₃

Phylum of Flatworms

Acoelomate Triploblast

Bilaterian

Protostomes

Lophotrochozoan

No anus

cephalization (formation of a head)

flattened body plan

Protonephridia

Hermaphrodites

Turbellaria

Trematoda

Cestoda

Platyhelminthes

free-living carnivores

increased cephalization

nerve ganglia and ocelli

gut branching varies

ventral epidermis ciliated

encased in mucus

locomotion:

Cilia muscle contraction

Platyhelminthes "The flukes"

all parasitic

no ciliation

covered in tough tegument

most of body is developed for reproduction

platyhelminthes "tapeworms"

all parasitic

no resemblance to free-living platyhelminthes

no mouth or ciliated tegument

Solex at anterior end

proglottids

body segment of Cestodans

exclussively used for gamete production

found in some platyhelminthes

hard outer layer

protects animal against harsh environments of its host

head of Cestodans

comprised of hooks and suckers to latch onto the lining of the gut in its host and steal nutirents

Most are simultaneous hermphrodites

high complexity including infecting multiple hosts at different stages

focused of Schistosoma as an example

Miracidia larvae devlope from eggs

larvae devlope into into sporocysts inside a snail

Mother Sporocyst produce daughter sporocysts asexually

each sporocyst can produce cercaria larvae asexually

carcaria develope into gonochoristic adults

mating and internal feritilization occurs inside host

Smallest adult body plan of any animal (microscopic)

Has a simple brain

Almost all aquatic

Most free-living, few parasitic

cryptobiosis

growth by eutely

psuedocoelomates

complete gut

syncitial epidermis

Defining characteristic of rotifers

Food grinding structures found within the mastax. 

made mostly of pollysaccharides

highly variable amongst species

Trophi

adhesive toes

corona

mastax

Pharynx

stomach

intestine

cloaca (anus)

hydrostatic skeleton (both longitudinal and circular muscles)

Brain and eyespots

Protonephridia

defining characteristic of rotifers

used for locomotion and for attaching to substrates

most characteristic feature of all rotifers

ring of cilia at anterior end beat with special timing (metachronal) to create an incurrent

appears to be rotating although it isn't.

Muscular structure between the pharynx and esophags in rotifers

holds trophi used to grind food

First phylum with a complete digestive tract

Males lack the digestive tract

Monogononta

Bdelloidea

Seisonidea

Simple at the anterior end

has eyespots

chemo and mechanoreceptors

Rotifera

No males/meiosis

exclusively reproduce via parthenogenesis

widely studied as this challenges the thought that a loss of a sex will result in extinction.

rotifera

under good conditions, amictic females reproduce via parthenogenesis

allows for rapid population growth

bad condition produce mictic females which produce haploid males

males mate with females to produce eggs

eggs wait until favorable conditions to hatch into amictic females

an extremely low metabolic state used by animals for crytpobiosis

usuaully as an encysted (hard shell) egg

all are sessile (except 1 species)

most form moss like colonies (called Zoarium)

polymorphic

Autozooid and avicularia

lophophore

polypide

zoecium

triploblast coelomate

ectoprocta (anus)

Nerve ring/nerve net/ small ganglion

cystid

Structure in bryozoans

fold of body around mouth with ciliated tentacles used for feeding

bryozoa

protective exoskeleton secreted by the epidermal body wall

may be gelatinous, chitinous, or calcareous

Bryozoa

comprised of the epidermal body wall and the Zoecium

Soft part of a bryozoan

extends out of the Cystid

Anus of a bryozoa

located outside the body on the anterior end

Colonies are hermaphrodite and gonochoristic

sperm released into coelom and exits through tentacles fertilization is usually internal

brooding common 

Large larvae released (coronate or cyphonautes)

larvae settle and metamorphize into zooids called ancestrules

Zooids undergo asexual reproduction to create a colony

zooids recycle polypides

Statoblasts

Bilateral-Coelomate-protostome-lophotrocozoans

no overall body plan for all classes

Reduced coelom

digestive system

circulatory system

foot

shell/mantel

Respitory system

Nervous system

Polyplachophora

Gastropoda

Bivalvia

Cephalopoda

Complete gut

has special glands that produce enzymes

radula

Part of the Molusca digestive system

Located near mouth

contains radular teeth

works like a belt sander

radular belt pulled back and forth over odontophore

Radular sack produces more radula teeth

Has a heart 

surrounded by the pericardium

first animal to have special respitory pigments

Hemoglobin and Hemocyanin

counter current exchange

Anywhere from simple to very complex

chitin-no real brain

Squid-may have personalities

sexual reproduction

most are gonochoristic, some are hermaphrodites

some are protandric hermaphrodites

Hectoylus

Trocophore

Veliger

Glochidium

Teleplanic

wide dispersal possible due to long larval stage

Speacial arms in molusca used for transfering sperm

have love darts used to increase female fertility

Molusca

all marine

have 8 interlocking plates to form a shell

simple brain/sensory orgins

anchors to rock with its foot, muscles, and mantel

great digestive glands

radula teeth coated in iron.