conjugation

macronucelus&micronucleus

ciliophora

dinozoa

apicomplex belong to the

1. treatment of syphylis by malarial fever induction

2. insecticidal properties of DDT

3.isolation of plasmodium

2 billion people infected

300 million infected every yr

2-3 million die yr

infection cycle

difficulty of cure

used to be rampant in america

global warming will spread

amoebozoa

flagellates

  1.Guardua lamblia

2.trichomonas

3.trypanosoma

casues dysentry ,gut damage, cardiac failure

500 million infections worldwide

flies and cockroaches are the insect vectors

African sleeping sickness-encephalitis coma, death

s.american ,eart disease

infects 15 milllion humans, kills cattle in parts of africa

rhizaria (root foot)

foraminifera

secrets a hardshell of CaCo3 or sand grains

root-like or hair like pseudopodia

benthos and plankton(float in ocean )--all marine(bottom)

size range 100um to 20 cm

dominate biomass of deep sea sediment

oil exploration

climate history 7 past ocean circulation

it record 100,000 year Milankovitch cycles

which is orbital perdiodcity of the planet that causes the oscillation of glacial ice  over last 2 million yrs

Rhizaria

secretes silica shells, internal skeleton

useful in paleo climate study

no nerve cells , no muscle cell, no tissues, no organsevoleved from flagellates

marine and freshwater

phylum of metagoa

10 cell types in body wall

ostia (incurrent pores =dermal pores) allow intake of water

colared cells (=choanocytes)

1. they generate currents that help maintain circulation of seawater with in and through the sponge

2. they capture small food particles

3. the capture incoming sperm for fertilization

spicules secreted by skerocytes , spongeocytes

amoebocyctes watnder thru body gathering food

choanocytes make food current, and respiration and waste disposal

asconoid

syncnoid

leuconoid

three classes of sponge

calcares -- calcerou spicules, 3 or 4 pointed

Hexactinellida (=Hyalospongia) -SiO2 spicules 6 pointed

Demospongias - silica + protein skeleton 1-,4- pointed or protein nework

epifauna --- top of bentho substrate

infauna -- within substrate

mobile

sessile

attached

1. filter feeder(=suspension feeder)

2.deposit feeder

3.herbivore

4.carnivore

zooplankton, radially symmmerical

more abundanted than sponges due to presence of digestive, muscle, nerve tissue

no respiratory, excretory, vascular apparatus

mouth + digesteive cavity (bigger food particles)

nervous system (mobility)

nematocysts (stinging cells ) (predation)

colonial life habit in same groups

polyp (benthic)

medusa (pelagic, planktonic

)

1.polyp

2.medusa

mouth +digestive cavity (bigger food particles)

nervous system (mobility)

benaticysts (=stinging cells )

colonial life habit

two body walls

mesoglea in between epidermis, gastrodermis

1.muscle cells

2.interestitial cells

3.cnidae (=cnidoblasts) that contain nematocysts 

4.muscus cells

5.nerve cells

1. hydrozoa

2. scy[hpzpa

3. anthozoa

simple mouth
(contrast to anthozoa), no nematocysts in gasterodermis

polypoid or medusoid

both solitary & colonial ofrms

benthic or planktonic(more common benthic polyps)

polyps take 3 different forms -reproductive, feeding, defensive polyps.

pelagic form : chondrophores

 siphonophores (portoguese man-o-war)

medusa dominates

nematocysts on tentacles

mesogles is very thick

some members of cubozoa

alternatic genrations poly->medusa

some have eyes

polyp dominates

anenomes, corals

mouth slit shaped and ectoderm extends in a tobular pharynx

coeleteron divided into longtitudinal messenteries and supported by septa in corals

mesenteria extendable , gastroderm filaments

alycyonarian (=octocorals)

sea fans,

sean pens

sea pens

sea fans

pipe organ coral

8 tentacles, pinnate

amoebocytes in coenenchyme secrete internal skeleton

- colonial

-secrete calcium carbonate

-skeleton lies outside & underneath soft tissue

-polyps mid body connection

-abundant

-photosynthetic symbioants ex. zooxanthelle

colloblasts

radial symmetry

2 body walls + measoglea

4 lobed stomach + 2 tentacles

comb rows of cilia

low O2, out competing fish

coral kidneys

process coral waste (Co2, Phosphates, Nitrates)

produce O2

lower Co2- increase CaCO3 deposite

process coral wastes

produce C14 - building coral skeleton

overgrowth

overtopping

digestive dominance. aggression with mesentarial filaments

Pocillopora , top pacific coral competitor, decrease bio diversity

Carribean, no one species i best in all. increase diversity in time.

1. herbivorous fish overfished

2.other herbivore increase

3.fish decrease, sea urchin increase

4. Diadema kills by disease

5. macroalgae overgrow reefs

6. coral die

1. gobal warming

2. coral bleaching & polyps die

3. confine to 20-30 degree by light

low ph ocean water- Caco3 disoblves

weak coral skeleton

light  (<50m)

waves - influence shape of colony

sediment - people increase erosion , coral down

Carbon-14

half-life: 5730 years

daughter nuclide : Nitrogen -14

1. special creation

2.spontaneos generation

3.ponspermia

4.chemical evolution

C,N,O,H

why. stable configuration, tightest bonds

HCN- hydrogen cyanide

HCOH- formaldehyde

those subsequently produce

amino acid

purine

ribose

evaporation

freezing

adsorbtion on clays

fox's protenoid microspheres

lipid membranes

mineral membranes in hydrothermal vents

black smoke -- those are hi temp , short lived, and just discovered

whtie smokes- those are lower temp, long lived, further away from mid-ocean ridge

they reduce Co2 to organic matter

they produce Fe,Mn,Ni,s (first catalysts)

they are long living

they have micropores which allows RNA cumunaltion