Term
| Opposing muscles acting against each other is an example of a(n): |
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Definition
| Antagonistic process; mediated by the skeleton in vertebrates |
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Term
| Why is a skeleton required? |
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Definition
| Muscles can only actively contract and relax; they cannot actively extend |
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Term
| Any solid or fluid system that allows muscles to be stretched back to their original length following a contraction is called a: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 components of a hydrostatic skeleton? |
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Definition
1. A cavity housing incompressible fluid that transmits pressure changes uniformly
2.A flexible outer body membrane
3.A constant volume of fluid within the cavity
4.An ability (at least temporarily) of an animal to attach to the substrate
5.The presence of a deformable, elastic covering or 2 sets of antagonistic muscles |
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Term
| What are the five phyla of Cnidarians and their common names? |
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Definition
1. Scyphozoa [true jellyfish]
2. Cubozoa [box jellyfish]
3. Hydrozoa [hydras, Portuguese man-of-war, hydrocorals]
4. Anthozoa [anemones, corals, sea fans]
5. Myxozoa [parasites of fish] |
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Term
| What are the 3 most basic characteristics of Cnidarians? |
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Definition
*radial symmetry at the individual level
*diploblastic- have endoderm and ectoderm
*tissue layer of organization |
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Term
| The medusa stage of Cnidarians is.... |
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Definition
| The adult, swimming stage (if it is present) |
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Term
| The polyp stage in Cnidarians is.... |
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Definition
| The juvenile, sessile stage (if it is present) |
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Term
| What are nematocysts and how are they activated? |
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Definition
| They are the stinging cells used by Cnidarians that are inside a capsule made of chitin. They are fired out when the trigger (called a cnidocil) is touched. A change in hydrostatic pressure caused by increased solute concentration in the capsule makes the filament flip over and fire out (hopefully) into the organism that touched the trigger. |
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Term
| Cnidarians have a nerve net, which is a.... |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Cnidarian nerve net, the range of response is.... |
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Definition
| Directly related to the strength of the stimulus |
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Term
| Name and describe the two types of Cnidarian nerve nets. |
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Definition
1. Slow-conducting: Nerve cells called neurons and their processes (neurites) synapse on each other repeatedly- signal is multipolar
2.Fast-conducting: Nerves are less branched; signals are bipolar and more directed toward muscles |
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Term
| The early digestive system in Cnidarians is called the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| The gastrovascular cavity in Cnidarians has two purposes. What are they? |
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Definition
1.Take in food
2.Expel waste
This means it can only take in one meal at a time! |
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Term
| The longitudinal muscle layer of Cnidarians is found within the ________, which is made up of which type of cells? |
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Definition
| Epidermis; epitheliomuscular cells; the epidermis also has the cnidocytes, some interstitial cells, and nerve cells |
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Term
| The circular muscle layer of Cnidarians is found within the ________, which is made up of which type of cells? |
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Definition
| Gastrodermis; nutritive-muscular cells; the gastrodermis also contains mucous gland cells, interstitial cells, and the mesoglea |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscular cylinder in the Scyphozoa that pushes food from the mouth to the stomach. |
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Term
| Trace the path of food in the Scyphozoa (true jelly fish) |
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Definition
1.Food is captured by the tentacles.
2.It is brought to the mouth.
3.It is pushed to the stomach by the manubrium.
4.It is distributed to the 4 gastric pouches where digestive enzymes are secreted.
5.Partially digested food is phagocytized into cells and digestion is completed. |
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Term
| What is the sensory structure called that true jelly fish use to reorient themselves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three components make up a rhopalia of a true jelly fish? |
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Definition
-A statocyst
-An ocellus
-A sensory flagellum |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A balance organ with a capsule, a fluid filled cavity, and a statolith (a hard object with a greater density than the fluid) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A non-image forming cup-shaped area with a light sensitive pigment |
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Term
| Class Scyphozoa has organisms that are said to be separate sexes. What is the word for this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 life stages of true jelly fish? |
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Definition
1.Planula- a mobile, ciliated larva
2.Scyphistoma-sessile polyp form with a redused mesoglea
3.Ephyra-from strobilation (budding) of the scyphistoma
4.Medusa-adult form |
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Term
| The terms genet and ramet apply to colonial organisms. What is the difference between these two terms? |
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Definition
| A genet is a group of genetically identical (like plants) that have grown in a given location from a single ancestor. A ramet is ONE individual of this population. |
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Term
| What are four distinguishing features of the class Cubozoa (the box jelly fish)? |
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Definition
*complex eyes
*cuboidal swimming bell
*well-developed nervous system
*polyp stage does NOT strobilate; each polyp= a medusa |
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Term
| What are the three orders within the class Hydrozoa? |
|
Definition
-Hydroida
-Siphonophora
-Hydrocorallina |
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Term
| This Order can be solitary and sessile or colonial and sessile. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This Order is always colonial and mobile. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This Order is always colonial, sessile, and hard. |
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Definition
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Term
| For solitary and sessile Hydroida.... |
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Definition
-polyps exist independently
-there is no medusa stage
-there is a mutualistic relationship with green algae (zoochlorellae) |
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Term
| For colonial and sessile Hydroida.... |
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Definition
-medusa stage has a velum (a narrow layer of tissue extending inward at the base of the bell that allows water to be ejected with a higher velocity)
-one planula=several polyps called zooids
-gastrozooids=feeding polyps
-dactylozooids=defense polyps
-gonozooids=reproduction polyps |
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Term
| The colonial and mobile Siphonophora like the Portuguese man-of-war are free-floating and.... |
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Definition
*have a medusa and polyp stage present simultaneously
*some species have:
-pneumatophores= gas filled floats made up of 90% air and 10% carbon monoxide; they get carbon monoxide from breaking down folic acid
-nectophores=modified medusae that provide water propulsion |
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Term
| Order Hydrocorallina is colonial, sessile, and hard. Name 3 important facts. |
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Definition
*They have a skeleton made up of calcium carbonate
*They are loaded with dactylozooids
*They are restricted to warm waters |
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Term
| What class of Cnidarians has 70% of all species including the anemones, and the hard and soft corals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is special about DNA of anemones, and the hard and soft corals? |
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Definition
| The mitochondrial DNA is circular |
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Term
| What are the two subclasses of Anthozoa and how are they separated? |
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Definition
-Hexacorallia-the anemones and hard corals have tentacles around the mouth in multiples of 6 and 6 pairs of primary mesentaries
-Octocorallia-the soft corals have 8 tentacles around the mouth and 8 complete mesentaries |
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Term
| Where do coral reefs occur? |
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Definition
*Eastern side of continents
*Tropical regions (30 degrees north/south)
*Shallow waters (<50 m depth)
*Low nutrient waters (oligotrophic waters)
*Water temp must be 25-29 degrees C |
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Term
| What is the Coriolis Effect? |
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Definition
| Winds and currents rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to Earth's rotation and Earth's gravitational pull. |
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Term
| Hermatypic corals are reef-building corals that have a symbiotic relationship with algae. Describe this relationship. |
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Definition
| The relationship is with dinoflagellates like zooxanthellae that live in the gastrodermal tissue and provide fixed carbon for the coral. The algae is also needed for rapid skeletal growth. The algae gets protection. |
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Term
| Do hermatypic corals have a total dependence on light? |
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Definition
| No, they use tentacles at night to capture prey to get nitrogen and make amino acids. |
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Term
| What is an ahermatypic coral? |
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Definition
| A coral that does not participate in reef-building or have symbiosis with algae. |
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Term
| Describe what occurs when scientists say a bleaching event took place. |
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Definition
| Hermatypic corals throw out their symbiotic algae due to water temperatures being unfavorable (usually too high). This causes the corals to lose their pigmentation and stop growing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The biosynthesis and deposition of calcium carbonate |
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Term
| What are the differences between massive and branching corals? |
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Definition
*Massive corals are mound-shaped and irregular and have a linear growth of less than 1 cm per year.
*Branching corals have a tree branch structure and a linear growth of 10-20 cm per year. |
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Term
| Corals that are considered brooders reproduce by... |
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Definition
-Only sending sperm out
-Internal fertilization must occur
-Planula develops into a polyp |
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Term
| Broadcasting corals reproduce by... |
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Definition
*Sending out sperm and eggs that float to the top of the water column
*External fertilization must take place
*Develop into planula in plankton |
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Term
| Octocorallia (the sea fans/ soft corals) have these two main types of polyps. |
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Definition
1. Feeding polyps
2. Current-producing polyps
Thus, they are active suspension feeders |
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Term
| To support their body, soft corals have... |
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Definition
-Proteinacious or calcareous internal skeletons
-Polyps embedded in thick mesoglea |
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Term
| Ctenophores have 6 majors differences from Cnidarians. Name all 6. |
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Definition
1.Muscles are in the mesoglea, not the gastrodermis.
2.Complete digestive tract with a mouth and anal pores.
3.Typically hermaphroditic not gonochoristic
4.Symmetry is biradial
5.Use colloblasts to capture prey (don't have nematocysts naturally)
6.Swimming is accomplished using ctenes |
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Term
| How does a Ctenophore have biradial symmetry? |
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Definition
| You can only cut it in two places to get equal parts. Those places are called the tentacular plate and the pharyngeal plate. |
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Term
| What is unique about Ctenophore muscle cells? |
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Definition
| They are genuine smooth muscle cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
-They are the 8 rows of partially fused cilia that Ctenophores use to swim; sometimes called combs
-Swimming does not involve musculature! -The power stroke occurs from oral to aboral |
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Term
| Describe the digestive system of Ctenophores. |
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Definition
| It is complete with a mouth and a gastrovascular cavity that leads to 4 digestive canals. 2 of the canals open to the outside via anal pores and the other 2 end in blind sacs. |
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Term
| Asexual reproduction in Ctenophores is rare. Reproduction is achieved by.... |
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Definition
-Being simultaneous hermaphrodites
-External fertilization |
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Term
| Ctenophore larvae are called.... |
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Definition
| Cydippid larvae and they look like miniature adults except for the benthic forms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by a chemical reaction of Luciferase and oxygen in which excess energy is given off as light |
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Term
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Definition
| color generated by light diffraction and commonly seen in Ctenophores |
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Term
| Flatworms also known as ___________, have bilateral symmetry which allows for.... |
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Definition
| Platyhelminthes; cephalization (a centralized brain) and dorsal/ventral sides |
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Term
| Flatworms are the first organisms to have three tissue layers and be... |
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Definition
| Protostomes; they also have a high surface area to volume ratio |
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Term
| Waste removal in flatworms is accomplished by one of two things. Name and describe them. |
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Definition
1. Solenocytes-these have one flagellum
2. Protonephridia (flame cells)-these have cilia and are primitive kidneys |
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Term
| Describe the process of waste removal in flatworms. |
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Definition
-The beating of the flagella or cilia create negative pressure.
-Water is filtered as it enters and large molecules (like proteins) are kept by the organism)
-Ions are selectively absorbed or excreted |
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Term
| What is the only class of free-living flatworms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is new about the nervous system seen in Turbellarians? |
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Definition
| It is more advanced. The signals are unipolar, which means they only go in one direction. There is a cerebral ganglion (sort of a brain) |
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Term
| What type of sensory perception do free-living flatworms have? |
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Definition
*A statocyst located near the brain
*Ciliary receptors all over the body
*1 or more pairs of anterior eyes that can only detect light |
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|
Term
| These creatures use looping, pedal waves, and cilia that beat within secreted mucous to move around. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the muscle contraction involved in pedal waves used by free-living flatworms. |
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Definition
-Circular muscle contraction thrusts the body forward
-Longitudinal muscle contraction pulls the body in the direction of the locomotion |
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Term
| What type of gut do free-living flatworms have? |
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Definition
| One of 4 types: Acoela (no well-defined gut), Rhabdocoel (an unbranched gut), Tricladida (a three-branched gut), or Polycladida (a multibranched gut) |
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Term
| Turbellarians have five key reproductive structures. What are they and what are their functions? |
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Definition
1.Seminal vesicle(male)-stores sperm
2.Prostatic vesicle(male)-provides nutrients to sperm
3.Cement glands(female)-coat the ova with a sticky substance
4.Vitellaria[yolk glands](female)-produce nutritive yolk cells that surround the egg
5.Copulatory bursa(female)-receives and stores sperm from a partner |
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Term
| How many times did parasitism evolve in flatworms? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Tapeworms belong to which class? |
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Definition
| Class Cestoda; all are internal parasites |
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Term
| What are the 5 general tapeworm characteristics? |
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Definition
-no mouth
-no digestive tract
-have a scolex with hooks and suckers to attach to intestines of host
-have a tegument that is a nonciliated body covering and syncytial
-have proglottids (segments) posterior to the scolex that can each reproduce on their own |
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Term
| How do animals and humans get tapeworms? |
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Definition
*Animals (definitive hosts) get them by ingesting an infected flea (the intermediate host)
*Humans (definitive hosts) get them from eating undercooked pork or raw fish (sushi) that hasn't be cooled at 31 degrees F for 15+ hours
*Pigs and fish are secondary intermediate hosts |
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Term
| Organisms in this class of parasites are primarily parasites of the gills of fish. |
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Definition
| Class Monogenea-they have no intermediate host |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class of parasitic flatworms that have a mouth with an incomplete digestive system |
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Term
| Trematodes, more specifically _________, require at least one intermediate host. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Digenean general life cycle stage 1: Miracidium |
|
Definition
-hatches from an unfertilized egg in feces
-is gutless
-bores into or is eaten by an intermediate host (a mollusc like a snail)
-asexual replication occurs in the mollusc |
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Term
| Digenean general life cycle stage 2: Sporocyst |
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Definition
-Found in the blood circulatory system of the mollusc
-no mouth, absorbs nutrients from body fluids
-germ balls produce daughter sporocysts or redia |
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Term
| Digenean general life cycle stage 3: Redia |
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Definition
-Occurs in the digestive gland or the gonad of the mollusc (can cause infertility)
-actively feed
-germ balls produce cercaria |
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Term
| Digenean general life cycle stage 4: Cercaria |
|
Definition
-released from the birth canal in redia
-lyse through the body wall in sporocysts
-get out of the intermediate host by lysing through body wall or waiting for a predator to eat the host
-swim via the muscular tail
-penetrate the next host (usually the definitive host) by using enzymes to penetrate tissues or attaching to vegetation and waiting to be eaten
-if inside the definitive host, adult develops
-if inside the second intermediate host, metacercaria (encysted stage) develops |
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Term
| There are nine things a parasite must do to be successful. What are they? |
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Definition
1.Reproduce within the definitive host
2.Get fertilized eggs/embryos out of the host
3.Contact and recognize a new host
4.Enter the host
5.Locate the appropriate environment in the host
6.Maintain position within the host
7.Withstand a rather anaerobic environment
8.Avoid killing the host until it reproduces
9.Avoid digestion or attack by the host's immune system |
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Term
| Provide the detailed life cycle of a parasite causing Schistosomiasis in humans. |
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Definition
-Embryos are released with human feces.
-Miracidia hatch in freshwater and burrow into a snail.
-Mother sporocysts develop in the snail and produce daughter sporocysts.
-Cercaria emerge from daughter sporocysts and break out of the snail's body.
-Swimming cercariae bore through the skin of a human.
-Cercariae migrate to human intestine and form adult flukes.
**Eggs cause the problem by becoming trapped in tissues and causing inflammation. |
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Term
| Provide the detailed life cycle of the Chinese human liver fluke. |
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Definition
*Miracidia (eggs) are released in the feces into freshwater.
*Free-swimming miracidia enter a snail.
*Sporocysts and redia develop in the snail.
*Cercariae break out of the snail's body.
*Free-swimming cercariae attach to the gills of fish like carp.
*Metacercarial cysts form in fish tissue.
*Infected raw fish is eaten by humans.
*The adult fluke develops in the human bile duct causing jaundice and organ necrosis. |
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