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+ is a group of (one or more) organisms
+Today it is common to define a good taxon as one that reflects evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationships. But this is not mandatory.
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Term
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+Like a family tree, but with animals
+ it is the study of the diversification of life on the planet Earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time
+used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth
+ look up diagram! |
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Term
Phylogeny
(AKA: phylogenetic tree) |
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Definition
+Representations of branching taxa tracing back to their first ancestor
+is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestors
+ useful for organizing knowledge of biological diversity, for structuring classifications, and for providing insight into events that occurred during evolution
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Definition
composed of some but not all members descending from a common ancestor
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Definition
developed from more than one ancestral type, as a group of animals
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the occurence of a similar character is derived from the most recent common annecstor of the 2 organisms.
EX: fish eye vs octopus eye |
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| character appears to be similar but arises from completely different development pathways |
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| similar characters that are derived from similar developmental pathways |
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Definition
an ancestral condition
(sometimes, "Primative") |
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| a derived character that is shared by the most recent common ancestor and by 2 or more descendants of that ancestor. AKA homologous characters that define clades. |
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Definition
Multicellular, amorphous, mobile, flagellated animals lacking body cavity, digestive system, and nervous system and composed of 2 layers of epithelial cells.
+ no digestive system (no mouth)
+epithelial cells: endodermal deals with digesting food and absorbing ntrients . ectodermal is outer thin layer that is flagelated
+asexual reproduction :budding, fragmentation or binary fission |
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Definition
+microvillar collars surround flagella
+ lack nerves and no musculature, no specialized reproductive, digestive respirator, sensory or excretory organs are foud in this group
+ amorphous
+ asymmetrical creatures
+Choanocytes: generate current for seawater ciruclation, capture food and sperm.
+spongocoel
+Mesohyl layer contain archaeocytes which digest food from the choanocytes & eliminate waste
+ Spicules: siliceous or calcareous import for identification and support of sponge
+gemmules: dormant mostly freshwater
+evolution:increase flow of current through spongocoel and amount of surface area for food collection
+Calcarea, Demospongiae, hexactinellida
+amphiblastula: flagelatted at one end, calcarea larava
+parenchymella: demonspongia larvae, on flagellum
+larva free swimming for less than 24 hours |
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+ Spicules: Calcium carbonate
+ asconoid, synconoid and leuconoid all occur
+asconoid only in this |
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+largest class
+Leuconoid construction
+Spicules: spongin and or silica |
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+ Secreation of complex intracellular organelles called cnidea (nematocysts) cnidoblats (turns inside out to shoot out of sac) trigered by chemical and tactile stimulation... primary force behind it is osmotic pressure..change in fluid pressure to make happen.. proctection, food collection and locomotion
+ planula larvae in the life cycle
+ 2 body plans: medusa (swims)
and polyp form (stationary)
+ 2 layers of living tissue (epidermis and gastrodermis)
+radial symmetry
+mesoglea between epidermis and gastrodermis
+amoebocytes: digestion, nutrient transport and storage, wound repair and antibacterial defense
+single opening to digestive system
+ no anus
+mostly carnivorous... hermatypic corals use algae
+ no central nervous system |
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Definition
1. Plates of fused cilia arranged in rows (Ctenes) for swimming
2) adhesive prey-capturing cell (colloblasts)
+ predators, marine, planktonic...weak swimmer
+ Colloblasts (adhesive structures) retractable tentacles for prey
+Gastrovascular cavity with 2 anal pores
+ Triploblastic
+Exculsively marine
+Biradial Symmetry |
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Definition
+Triploblastic
+Bilaterally symmetrical
+Unsegmented
+Solid-bodied
+Dorso-ventrally flattened
+Simultaneous hermaphrodite
+Complex life cycles in parasitic form |
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Definition
+possible flatworm relatives
+Multicellular
+parasite
+no mouth or digestive system
+develop intracellulary |
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+Triploblastic
+Bilateral symmetry
+Circular and longitudinal muscles
+Hemocoel
+Parthenogensis |
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+Thorny head
+Triploblastic
+Syncytial epidermis
+Skeletal lamina
+Hemocoel
+Adults are gut (vertebrate) parasites
+no gut |
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Definition
+ Ciliated larval stage (chordoid larva) with a mesodermal rod of muscle cells
+lives on lobster's mouth
+attach by adhesive disk
+Ring of compound cilia
+Protosomes... gathers what lobster misses to eatsss
+ Feeding symbioints mate when lobster is preparing to molt... egg becomes a ciliated chordoid larva |
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