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Invertebrate Zoology
Invertebrate zoology midterm UCSC - Baldo Marinovic
139
Biology
Undergraduate 4
02/08/2011

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Term
Mollusca:
Definition
Phylum of mollusks
Term
visceral mass:
Definition
- One of three parts of the molluscan body ; bears the internal organs. The other two parts are the food and the head
Term
Mantle-
Definition
a body wall fold that secretes the shell
Term
Mantle cavity-
Definition
protective chamber created by the overhang of the mantle tissue
Term
Ctenidium
Definition
the comblike structure of the molluscan respitory gills
tegula→ only one ctendia; bipectinate gill (pectin= comb)
Term
Central axis
Definition
- gill structure of generalized mollusc that is attached to the mantle along one edge. Contains muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
Term
Filament
Definition
generally staggered filaments with an upstream frontal margin, and a downstream abfrontal margin on the opposite side.
Term
Radula
Definition
a membranous belt that bears transverse rows of teeth and extends over the odontophore
Term
Odontophore
Definition
- elongated, muscular, cartilaginous mass on the floor of the buccal cavity
Term
Veliger-
Definition
later stage of molluscan development. Has foot, shell, and two lateral ciliated lobes together called the velum which it uses to swim and feed.
Term
pericardium
Definition
: a serous membrane that is layered and surrounds the heart
Term
Polyplacophora
Definition
refers to the “many-plated” organism chiton (8 shell plates)
Term
girdle
Definition
shell plates
Term
Auricle (atrium)-
Definition
upper chamber of the heart; where blood enters the heart
Term
pallial groove
Definition
similar to mantle cavity, but is on both anterior and posterior end of the chiton, contains the gills
Term
Ventricle
Definition
either of the two lower chambers of the heart; - where blood leaves the heart.
Term
cephalization
Definition
the process by which the nervous and sensory tissues become concentrated in the “head”
Term
Gastropoda:
Definition
a class of mollusk with a univalve shell, or none. (snails and slugs)
Term
Torsion
Definition
180 degree counterclockwise twisting of the visceral mass with respect to the foot.
Term
Prosobranch
Definition
“gill in front of heart” Are completely torted snails with spirally coiled, asymmetrical visceral mass and shell. Mantle cavity, one or more gills (monopectinate), a gonopore, nephridiopore, and anus is located at the anterior of the body
• Only has left atrium , left kidney, left gill, and right gonad.
• Gonochoric, veliger larva
Term
afferent vessel
Definition
carries blood into the gill
Term
efferent vessel-
Definition
a blood vessel that carries blood OUT of the gill filaments.
Term
planospiral
Definition
like gardenhose on ground, each coil lies completely outside the preceding one
Term
opisthobranch
Definition
a class of gastropod with a strong tendency to reduce, uncoil, or lose the shell and adopt a secondary bilateral symmetry.
Term
pulmonate:
Definition
"air breathers"; lung like organs, that can be found on terrestrial snails and some marine slugs.
Term
monpectinate gill
Definition
gills in which there are filaments on only one side of the axis, like teeth on a comb.
Term
asymmetrical helical coiling
Definition
evolution caused by the inefficiency of planispiral coiling. asymmetrical coiling, is the coiling of the gastropod's shell/visceral mass where each whorl partially or completely overlaps and encloses the preceding whorl. the shell is extended to the right of the body, and the visceral mass is shifted to the left to maintain balance.
Term
bipectinate gill
Definition
gills in which there are filaments on both sides of the axis. (2 total)
Term
protobranch
Definition
"first gill" ; small gills that form on the posterior end of bivalves.
Term
lamellibranch
Definition
any of the bivalve mollusk of the class lamellibranchia that includes clams, mussels, scallops and oysters
Term
hemocyanin:
Definition
- binds a molecule of oxygen between a pari of copper atoms; it is like blue when oxygenated and colorless when deoxygenated. Respiratory pigment.
Term
hemolymph:
Definition
the circulating fluid in open tissue spaces of invertabrates. May act as blood in arthropods or be an addition to blood as in earthworms.
Term
open circulatory system
Definition
a system which fluid (hemolymph) in the cavity, hemocoel, bathes the organs in oxygen and nutrients. its hard to distinguish between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Term
Bivalvia:
Definition
also called the lamellibranch, which are a group of mollusk with two shells hinged together, a soft body, and lamallate gills; such as clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters
Term
pallial line:
Definition
: one of three layers of the mantle of bivalvia that runs parallel to the shell from the anterior to the posterior of the bivalve
Term
ocellus:
Definition
the simple eye plan found in certain invertebrates having only one single lens and few sensory cells.
Term
palps
Definition
an elongated and often segmented appendage usually found near the mouth of an invertebrate of functions which include sensation, locomotion, and feeding. sorts mineral and organic particles
Term
adductor muscle
Definition
works together to open (abduct) and close (adduct) the vavles
Term
inhalant opening/siphon
Definition
draws in water and allows for the transferring of oxygen into the body
Term
exhalant opening/siphon:
Definition
releases the water from the body.
Term
esthetes:
Definition
a sensory organ unique to chitons, consist of groups of epidermal cells specialized for sensory reception, secretion and support
Term
crystalline style:
Definition
part of the digestive system of bivalves and some gastropods that contains digestive enzymes instead of mucous.
Term
ligament:
Definition
what holds the two valves of a bivalve together. (hinge ligament)
Term
Tetra-neury:
Definition
describe the nervous system found in some mollusks where there are 4 nerve cords. a pair of nerve cords that extend from the pedal ganglia into the foot (pedal nerve cord) and two visceral nerve cords that run from the nervering to the visceral ganglion.
Term
Molluscan cross:
Definition
a cross structure formed by blastomeres cells forming 4 arms that extend outward along radial lines drawn though the rosette cells
Term
Cephalopoda:
Definition
Sister taxa of the gastropod. includes the nautilus, cuttlefish, squids, and octopods. Ceph's are carnivorous.
Term
siphon or funnel
Definition
: a portion of the mantle skirt which gives the gastropod selectivity in choosing the source of respiratory waterand allows it to test the water ahead, before crawling in.
Term
systemic heart::
Definition
pumps blood to the body and two ausxiliary branchial hearts. Its heavily muscularized with a centran vetntricle and a pair of atria (one for each gill)
Term
Scaphopoda:
Definition
: marine mollusk that are highly elongated dorsal-ventrally and resemble a tooth. they inhabit a tubular shell and with an opening at each end, they have a radula, but lacks gills.
Term
branchial heart:
Definition
: provides the gills with pressurized blood.
Term
camera eye:
Definition
a derived eye with a crystalilne lens capable of focusing light. Can be seen in in Cephalopods
Term
enterocoely:
Definition
the development of the coely from the embryonic gut. the process in which coelom and mesoderm is formed.
Term
Monoplacophora:
Definition
a class of mollusk with a cap-like shell
Term
deuterostomous development:
Definition
development of the anus
Term
protonephridium:
Definition
a tubular, excretory structure in certain invertebrates.consists of a hollow cell located in the body cavity and a duct leading from it to an exterior opening, called a nephridiopore
Term
annelidan cross:
Definition
interadial cross
Term
radial cleavage:
Definition
: the division of embryonic cells radially, resulting in equal parts
Term
Annelida:
Definition
a phylum consisting of segmented worms. Somites are the individual ring segments
Term
metanephridium
Definition
: nephridia are invertebrate organs which function similar to kidneys. They remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body. metanephridium consist of a tubular structure lined with cilia which opens
Term
pygidium:
Definition
: the end division of the body of a trilobite or of certain annelids, crustaceans, or insects
Term
bi-lateral symmetry
Definition
symmetry in this respect, arthropods are built like humans are; the right half of an arthropod is a mirror image of its left half...its left/right symmetry
Term
metamerism:
Definition
is the property of having repeated segments, as in annelids;
Term
cuticle:
Definition
is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection.
Term
coelom
Definition
: is a fluid-filled cavity formed within the mesoderm. It also allows organs to grow independently off the body wall. This can be seen in the digestive tract of earthworms and other annelids, which is suspended within the body in a mesentery derived from a mesoderm-lined coelom
Term
prostomium:
Definition
: is the first body segment inannelid worms. It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth. It sometimes bears antennae and eyes. It often functions like a kind of overlip when the animal is feeding. The prostomium often also has appendages such as palps and tentaclesor cirri.
Term
ganglion:
Definition
is a biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cellbodies.
a center of intellectual or industrial force, activity, etc.
Term
epidermis:
Definition
the outer, nonvascular, nonsensitive layer ofthe skin, covering the true skin or corium
Term
chaetae:
Definition
a bristle or seta, especially of a chaetopod.
Term
chaetae:
Definition
a bristle or seta, especially of a chaetopod.
Term
cerci
Definition
typically paired appendages at the tip of the abdomen, usually having sensory functions.
Term
peritoneum:
Definition
is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom
Term
peristomium:
Definition
The first section behind the prostomium,
Term
parapod:
Definition
paired, un-jointed lateral outgrowths from the bodies of annelids, serving many functions depending on the species.
Term
hydrostatic skeleton:
Definition
a fluid filled cavity , the coelom,
surrounded by a muscular structure in soft-bodied invertebrates
Term
buccal cavity:
Definition
an anterior chamber that recieves the food and may bear teeth.
Term
cirri:
Definition
a filament or slender appendage serving as a foot,tentacle,
Term
cirri:
Definition
a filament or slender appendage serving as a foot,tentacle,
Term
acicula:
Definition
one of the slender, sharp stylets embedded in theparapodia of certain annelid worms, as the polychaetes
Term
acicula:
Definition
one of the slender, sharp stylets embedded in theparapodia of certain annelid worms, as the polychaetes
Term
pharynx:
Definition
the tube or cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles,that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus
Term
dorsal pore:
Definition
an opening in the mid-dorsal part of nearly every segment in many annelids by which the body cavity is placed in communication with the exterior
Term
epitoke:
Definition
Epitoky is a form of reproductionobserved in polychaete marine worms. The worms undergo a partial or complete transformation into an epitoke, a pelagic morphcapable of sexual reproduction. Often an epitoke is the posterior part of the worm, which separates from the anterior part (called the atoke); gametes are produced inside the epitoke.
Term
trochophore:
Definition
is a type of free-swimming planktonic marinelarva with several bands ofcilia.
Term
schizocoely:
Definition
is a process by which embryos develop. Animals which develop through schizocoely are known as schizocoelomates. Schizocoely occurs when a coelom (body cavity) is formed by splitting the mesodermalembryonic tissue
Term
Protandry/protogyny:
Definition
1. (of hermaphrodite or monoecious plants) maturing the anthersbefore the stigma
2. Compare protogynous (of hermaphrodite animals) producing malegametes before female gametes
Term
calciferous gland:
Definition
One of a series of glands that secrete calcium carbonate into the esophagus of certain oligochaetes
Term
clitellum:
Definition
a thickened saddle-like region of epidermis in earthworms andleeches whose secretions bind copulating worms together andlater form a cocoon around the eggs
Term
typhlosole:
Definition
an in-folding along the inner wall of the intestine.
Term
neuropod:
Definition
: Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the neural side, as in most invertebrates.
Term
hermaphroditic:
Definition
animal that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes
Term
dioecious:
Definition
organism that has either male or female reproductive organs
Term
monecious:
Definition
having male and female reproductive organs in the same animal
Term
Sipunclula:
Definition
350 species, have two coelomic compartment the trunk coelome and the head region, that can be withdrawn into the trunk. They are deposite feeders, have J shaped gut, some have caudal (tail) , lack circulatory system
Term
teloblastic growth:
Definition
The segments develop one at a time from a growth zone just ahead of the pygidium, so that an annelid's youngest segment is just in front of the growth zone while the peristomium is the oldest.
Term
compensation sac:
Definition
An ascus (plural asci; from Greek ἀσκός "skin bag") is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi
Term
proboscis:
Definition
is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal,
anal sac The most common usage is to refer to the tubular feeding and sucking organ of certain invertebrates
Term
protostomous development:
Definition
development of the mouth (protostome)
Term
statocysts:
Definition
The statocyst is a balance organ present in some aquatic invertebrates (Cnidarians, Ctenophores,Bilaterians). It consists of a sac-like structure containing a mineralised mass (statolith) and numerous innervated sensory hairs (setae).
Term
Crustacea:
Definition
form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles
Term
tagma/tagmatization:
Definition
Body segment, and the creation of a body segment. a tagma (plural tagmata) is a specialized grouping of arthropod segments, such as the head, the thorax, and the abdomen with a common function.[1] The segments of a tagma may be either fused or moveable.
Term
Uniramia/Tracheata:
Definition
one of 3 subphyla of arthropoda Uniramia is characterized by uniramous (single-branching) appendages, one pair of antennae and two pairs of mouthparts
Term
Mandibulata
Definition
is a clade of arthropods that comprises the extant subphyla Myriapoda (millipedes and others),Crustacea and Hexapoda
Term
mandibles
Definition
the jaws that characterize the mandibulata subphyla of arthropoda
Term
hemocoel:
Definition
A body cavity in arthropods and molluscs that is a blood-filled, expanded portion of the circulatory system. Unlike the coelom, which is small in arthropods and molluscs, the hemocoelum does not communicate with the exterior and never contains gametes
Term
maxillas:
Definition
: one of the paired appendages immediately behind the mandibles of arthropods.
Term
ommatidia:
Definition
One of the tiny light-sensitive parts of the compound eye of insects and other arthropods. An ommatidium resembles a single simplified eye.
Term
antennas:
Definition
one of the jointed, movable, sensory appendages occurring in pairs on the heads of insects and most other arthropods
Term
compound eye:
Definition
: an arthropod eye subdivided into many individual, light-receptive elements, each including a lens, a transmitting apparatus, and retinal cells.
Term
tracheal tubes:
Definition
One of the internal respiratory tubes of insects and some other terrestrial arthropods.
Term
apodeme:
Definition
a ridgelike ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports the internal organs and provides the attachment points for the muscles. These structures are composed of chitin, and are approximately 6 times as strong and twice as stiff as vertebrate tendons. Similar to tendons, apodemes can stretch to store elastic energy for jumping, notably in locusts
Term
Arthropoda:
Definition
large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea
Term
endopod:
Definition
The internal or principal branch of the locomotive appendages of Crustacea it’s the the inner or medial branch of a two-branched crustacean leg or appendage.
Term
exopod:
Definition
: the outer or lateral branch of a two-branched crustacean leg or appendage
Term
exopod:
Definition
: the outer or lateral branch of a two-branched crustacean leg or appendage
Term
cheliped:
Definition
(in decapod crustaceans) either of the pair of appendages bearing a chela. “claws”
Term
biramous:
Definition
consisting of or divided into two branches: a biramous appendage. The appendages of arthropods may be either biramous or uniramous. A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end.
Term
cephalothorax:
Definition
: the anterior part of the body in certain arachnids and crustaceans, consisting of the coalesced head and thorax
Term
uropods:
Definition
an abdominal limb of an arthropod, especially one of those on either side of the telson, as in a lobster
Term
autotomy:(
Definition
self amputation is the act whereby an animal severs one or more of its own appendages,[1] usually as a self-defense mechanism designed to elude a predator's grasp. The lost body part may be regenerated later.
Term
uniramous:
Definition
appendages of crustaceans) consisting of a single branch; undivided
Term
branchial chamber:
Definition
A chamber or cavity containing the gills of fish
Term
telson:
Definition
The telson is the last division of the body of arthropod
Term
Arachnida:
Definition
One of the classes of Arthropoda
Term
malpighian tubules
Definition
- excretory organ that are endodermal and arise from the midgut of an arachinid. It evolved to deal with the end product of nitrogen metabolism
Term
zoea:
Definition
A larval form of crabs and other decapod crustaceans, characterized by one or more spines on the carapace and rudimentary limbs on the abdomen and thorax
Term
book lungs:
Definition
gas exchange organ formed from sclerotized invaginations of the exoskeleton, which is thought to have evolved from book gills when aquatic arachnids colonized land. Gases move in and out of atrium by diffusion through spiracle. Spiders have two pairs of book lungs.
Term
head capsule:
Definition
one of the 3 body tagma, It bears the eyes, mouthparts, and antenna. It’s a head skeleton that encloses and protects the soft inner tissues in head
Term
pedipalps:
Definition
either of the second pair of appendages of an arachnid (as a spider) that are borne near the mouth and are often modified for a special (as sensory
Term
chelicerae:
Definition
The chelicerae are mouth parts of the Chelicerata, an arthropod subphylum that includes arachnids, Merostomata (horseshoe crabs), and Pycnogonida. often specialized as fangs.
Term
labium:
Definition
: the hexapods upper lip
Term
Pterygota:
Definition
a subclass of insects that includes the winged insects. It also includes insect orders that are secondarily wingless (that is, insect groups whose ancestors once had wings but that have lost them as a result of subsequent evolution).
Term
nauplius:
Definition
: In crustaceans the larva, called nauplius, does not differ substantially in mode of life or means of locomotion from the adult but has fewer appendages
Term
ecdysis:
Definition
: shedding in arthropods and related groups
Term
labrum:
Definition
a lip or liplike part, such as the cuticular plate forming the upper lip of insects.
Term
Pycnogonida:
Definition
a class of marine arthropods ; sea spiders
Term
Hexopoda:
Definition
a subphylum of arthropods, consisting of 6-legged individuals. Insects.
Term
exopterygota
Definition
also known as Hemipterodea, are a superorder of insects of the subclass Pterygota in the infraclass Neoptera, in which the young resemble adults but have externally-developing wings. They undergo a modest change between immature and adult, without going through a pupal stage. The nymphs develop gradually into adults through a process of moulting.
Term
holometabolous:
Definition
refers to insects that are completely metamorophosized. is a term applied to insect groups to describe the specific kind of insect development which includes four life stages
Term
hemimetabolousacron:
Definition
refers to insects that aren’t completely metamorphisized. Juveniles that are not sexually mature.
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