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Definition
| A trait that increases the reproductive success of an organism. Includes bahaviorus and physical characteristic. |
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Definition
| A difference on average between the survival or reproductive capacity of individuals displaying certain characteristics (phenotypes) compared to individuals with other characteristics. |
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Definition
| Change in attributes of organisms over time which occurs in populations, not individuals. |
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Definition
| Have higher % of solutes in body than surrounding water. (requires that they constantly evacuate water) |
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Definition
| Have lower % solutes than water. (must retain water to keep % low) |
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Definition
| Intertidal copepod. Alters osmotic potential of its body by increasing or decreasing amino acid production (alanine & proline). |
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Definition
| Rapid diversification of life approximately 544-580 million years ago. Caused significant diversification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow cavity formed inside a developing embryo. Eventually forms the digestive system. |
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Term
| Bilateral Symmetry (Body) |
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Definition
| Body has a clear dorsal/ventral section and anterior/posterior section. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body parts arranged around a central axis so any cut results in mirror images (only applies to external features) |
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Definition
| Contain two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm (relatively uncommon). Cnidarians |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain three germ layers, the endoderm giving rise to the mesoderm, and the ectoderm. Coelomates, Acoelomates, and Pseudocoelomates. |
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Definition
| Triploblastic organisms containing a true coelom, a body cavity lined with mesodermal tissue. Divided into protostomes and deuterostomes. |
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Definition
| Organisms lacking a body cavity, region between outer body wall and internal cavity is solid mesoderm. E.g., Flatworms |
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Definition
| Organisms containing a body cavity, but it is not lined by mesoderm. E.g., nematodes, rotifers. |
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Definition
| Includes nearly all other coelomic invertebrates (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, etc.) Coelom forms via schizocoely. Organism undergoes spiral cleavage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes sea stars, Hemichordates, and Chordates (including all vertebrates). Coelom forms by enterocoely. Organism undergoes radial cleavage. |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual enlargement and split of the mesoderm, forming many coelomic cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coelom forms by infolding of archenteron in blastocoel. Coelom then divides into three pouches. |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter cells orient at 45 degrees. Determinate, because cell function is determined early in development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter cells lie atop parent cells. Cleavage is indeterminate, as cells at as far along as the 8-cell stage may form new embryos (identical twins, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
| 9000 described species. Mostly free living, include many decomposers, predators, and a few colonial forms. |
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Term
| Foraminifera (The Forams) |
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Definition
| Diverse group with rigid silicate exoskeletons. 80% of described species are extinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5500 species, all endoparasites of animals. Known for causing Malaria (Plasmodium) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sporozoan which is found in vertebrates throughout the world, including the majority of humans. Can cause Toxoplasmosis in vulnerable humans (those with a compromised immune system or in advanced pregnancy). |
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Term
| VSG (variable surface glycoprotein) |
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Definition
| a protein coat on tripanosomes which allows them to camouflage themselves from their host's immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to sporozoans in that all are intracellular parasites that lack mitochondria. suggested to be degenerate fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasite is passed from parent to offspring through reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasite is transferred to non-relative organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| >98% are marine. Lack definitive tissues. Successful group despite their simplicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simplest sponge form, contain a single ostia in the center. |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle complexity, contain more ostia than asconoids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most complex (and most common) sponge with the most ostia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains all living asconoid sponges. Bear spicules of calcium carbonate. |
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Term
| Class Demospongiae (sponge) |
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Definition
| Largest class of sponges (>80%). Contains all freshwater species. Spicules and fibers may be silica or spongin. Squishy. |
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Term
| Class Hexactinellida (Sponges) |
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Definition
| Deep-water marine group. Called glass sponges - supported by 6-rayed lattice of fused siliceous spicules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common in macro invertebrates (except sponges). Fluid acts as the vehicle through which muscles interact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes freshwater hydra, corals, jellyfish, and anemones. Radial symmetry, diploblastic, contain a non-living, gelatinous layer called mesoglea between 2 tissue types. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stinging structures unique to Cnidarians. Responsible for the jellyfish's sting. Similar to a coiled harpoon. |
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Term
| Class Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) |
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Definition
| Marine, typically seen in medusa form. Dioecious (has separate sexes at some point). Life cycle includes planula, scyphistoma (polyp), strobila, ephyra, and adult stages. |
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Term
| Class Cubozoa (Jellyfish) |
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Definition
| Medusa stage dominates. Square-shaped with four tentacles. Have ocelli for sensing light and complex eyes in structures called rhopalia. |
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Term
| Class Hydrozoa (Jellyfish) |
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Definition
| Polyp stage dominates. Most are marine, though some freshwater species are common. Orders Hydrioda and Siphonophora. |
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Term
| Order Hydroida (hydroids) |
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Definition
| Includes freshwater Hydra and Hydractinia. Carnivores, reproduce by budding. |
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Term
| Order Siphonophora (jellyfish) |
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Definition
| Portuguese man-of-war. Free floating colony of polyps and medusae. Known for the gas-filled pneumatophore on the medusae. |
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Term
| Class Anthozoa (corals/anemones) |
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Definition
| Larges group of Cnidarians (6000 species). All are marine. Polyp stage only. Asexual reproduction. |
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Term
| Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
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Definition
| 34,000 described species (80% parasitic). Triploblastic acoelomates with bilateral symmetry. No specialized organs and an incomplete gut (no anus) |
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Term
| Class Turbellaria (flatworms) |
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Definition
| Free-living flatworms (small group). Most are marine and benthic. Hermaphroditic and cross-fertilize. Specialized duo-glands glue and release for movement. |
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Term
| Class Cestoda (tapeworms) |
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Definition
| Endoparastic with complex life cycles (>1 host). Lack a mouth, have a scolex instead. Body is made up of proglottids, which function as reproductive segments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly ectoparasites of fish. Very specific to host species. Resemble trematodes, but closest relatives are cestodes. |
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