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| Completely halt diffusion, such as countries outlawing internet or other media outlets. |
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| the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life. |
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| This happens when ideas spread in a wavelike manner (such as contagious diseases) |
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| This is where a region can be divided into two sections- one near he center where attributes are the strongest, the other further away from the core where attributes are weaker. |
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| The spread of elements of culture from the point of origin over and area. |
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| The study of relationships between the physical environment and culture. |
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| The study of humanand environment interactions--it asks where things are happening and why they are happening there. |
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Recognizes that 1) the immediate causes of some cultural phenomena are other cultural phenomena and 2)a change in one element of culture requires an accommodating change in others
Ex) religious beliefs and dress, food, behavior |
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| Refers to the artificial landscape (not physical environment-trees, water, feature of the land.) Specifically it refers to the human imprint on the land- buildings, use of land/resources. |
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| Made up of learned collective human behaviors-specifically it involves a "communication system of acquired beliefs, memories, perceptions, traditions, and attitudes that serve to supplement and channel instinctive behavior" |
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| a "geographical unit based on characteristics and functions of culture" |
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| Different people understand the environment differently because of knowledge, experience, values, etc. |
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| This happens when ideas or practices spread through a population in a snowball type effect |
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| Refers to the binding together of all the lands and peoples of the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic free markets, in which cultural diffusion is rapid, independent states are weakened, and cultural homogenization is encouraged. |
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| This happens when ideas leap from one important place to another- or from one urban center to another (fashion styles, popular dance, etc.) |
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| May temporarily halt diffusion, but eventually it weakens and allows an innovation to be spread. |
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| This happens when a group accepts the underlying idea of a trait, but change it to suit their needs. |
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| Refer to landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture. |
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An effect of globalization.
Some areas of the world are rich, industrialized nations, and others are poor under developed nations. |
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| All physical, tangible objects made and used by members of a cultural group. |
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| Referring to traditional and most often rural people who live in a way that is contrary to popular culture. |
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| Rural, cohesive, conservative, largely self-sufficient groups that are homogenous in custom and ethnicity. Also often characterized by strong family/kin relationships and highly localized tradition. |
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| Generated from and usually concentrated in urban areas and encompasses material goods that are mass produced by machines in factories, and cash economy. Based in large, heterogeneous populations and values individualism, change and innovation. |
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| a spatial standardization that diminishes regional variety-- This means that as popular culture is diffused to other places, it diminishes the local value/customs/uniqueness of the place. |
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| Vernacular Cultural Region |
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| is a cultural region perceived to exist by its inhabitants; based in collective spatial perception of the population at large; bearing a generally accepted name or nickname. Ex. the South, the Low Country, |
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| Local Consumption Cultures |
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| Encompasses structures built by members of a folk society or culture in a traditional manner or style, without the assistance of professional architects or blueprints, usually locally available raw materials. |
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| A measurement of population per unit area (ex. per square mile). |
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| Formal Demographic Regions |
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| the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support. |
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| The number of births per year per thousand people |
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| Measured as the average number of children born per woman in her reproductive lifetime |
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| The population neither grows, nor declines. |
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| Number of deaths per year per thousand people. |
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| refers to the rapid, accelerating increase in world population since 1650 but especially since 1900. |
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| model seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. |
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| a pyramid-like diagram that displays the population distributions between age and sex. |
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| Numerical ratio of males to females in a population. |
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| What it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman in different cultural and historical contexts. |
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| Number of infants per one thousand who die before reaching one year of age. |
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| People fleeing from their country of nationality because of persecution. |
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| A farm including land and buildings |
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Variant forms of language where mutual comprehension in possible.
A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. |
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Languages that are composite languages consisting of small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in international commerce.
The primary purpose of pidgin languages is so that people can conduct business transactions with one another (trade in the marketplace). |
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| When a pidgin language acqires fuller vocabularies and become native languages of their speakers. |
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| Well established languages of communication and commerce sued widely where it is not a mother tongue. |
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| areas with linguistically mixed populations may be characterized by bilingualism, or the ability to speak two languages with fluency. |
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| a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history |
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| areas protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which specific languages or dialects have survived |
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| A place-name, consisting of two parts, the generic and the specific. |
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| (or an ethnic group) is a group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority group in a larger society |
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| is a classification system that is sometimes understood as arising from genetically significant differences among human populations, or visible differences in human physiognomy; or as a social construct that varies across time and space. |
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| a doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based upon physical and/or cultural characteristics |
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| this is a verb used to describe the processes whereby these socially constructed differences are understood- usually, but not always, by the powerful majority- to be impervious to assimilation. |
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| (or an ethnic group) is a group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority group in a larger society |
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| is traditionally an ethnic neighborhood within a city, where an ethnic group lives, either by choice or by force |
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| suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population |
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| The tendency of people to migrate along channels, over a period of time, from specific source areas to specific destinations. |
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| The forced displacement of a population, whether by government policy, warfare, or other violence, ethnic cleansing, disease, natural disaster or enslavement. Also called forced migration |
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| The removal of an unwanted minority populations from a nation-state through mass killing, deportation, or imprisonment. (Jews in Nazi Germany; Rwandan genocide) |
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| A type of ethnic diffusion that involves the voluntary movement of a group of migrants back to its ancestral or native country or homeland. (African-American return to the Black Belt |
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| tendency for migration to flow between areas linked economically, historically, culturally, etc |
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| is the process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old. |
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| A complex of adaptive traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving it survival ability and competitive advantage in occupying the new environment. |
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| Poor or inadequate adaptation that occurs when a group pursues an adaptive strategy that, in the short run, fails to provide the necessities of life or, in the long run, destroys the environment that nourishes it |
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the targeting of areas where ethnic or racial minorities live with respect to environmental contamination or failure to enforce environmental regulations.
Example: toxic chemical plants located next to poor African-American neighborhoods |
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| A readily visible marker of ethnicity on the landscape. |
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| Customary behaviors associated with food preparation and consumption |
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| centralized authorities that enforce a single political, economic, and legal system within their territorial boundaries, often used synonymously with “countries.” |
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| independence from control of its internal affairs by other states |
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| In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of propertyand attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended |
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| the effort by one county to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in that territory |
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| A piece of territory surrounded by, but not part of, a country |
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| A piece of national territory separated from the main body of a country by the territory of another country. |
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| An independent but small and weak country between two powerful countries. |
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| A small, weak country dominated by one powerful neighbor to the extent that some of its independence is lost. |
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| Political borders that follow some feature of the natural environment |
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| Political boundaries that follow some cultural border. |
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| Political borders drawn in a regular, geometric manner, often without regard for environmental or cultural patterns. |
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| basically a boundary that doesn't exist anymore but still has an effect on the present-day area, ex. Berlin Wall |
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| An independent country that gives considerable powers and even autonomy to its constituent parts. |
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An independent state that concentrates power in the central government and grants little authority to the provinces.
France (democratic)
China (totalitarian) |
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| Factors that support a country’s national unity |
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| Factors that disrupt a country’s national unity or internal order. |
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| Supranational organization |
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| Occurs when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity. |
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| Occurs when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity. |
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Agreements made among geographically proximate countries that reduce trade barriers.
Example: NAFTA (North America) |
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| The study of the interactions among space, place, and region and the conduct and results of elections. |
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| Boundaries are redrawn periodically to ensure that each district has the same population. The political party in charge of the state legislature often attempts to redraw the boundaries of its districts to ensure that they gain more seats in upcoming elections. |
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| The territorial nucleus from which a country grows in area over time, often containing the national capital and the main center of commerce, culture, and industry. |
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| The influence of the habitat on political entities |
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| Stonghold areas with natural defensive qualities. |
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| The interior of a sizable landmass; removed from maritime connections; in particular, the interior of the Eurasian continent |
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| The maritime fringe of a country of continent; in particular, the , the western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent. |
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| An independent country dominated by a relatively homogeneous culture group |
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