Term
|
Definition
- hearing
- touch
- pain
- taste
- smell
- body position and movement
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system take in stimuli from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which our brain organizes and interprets that information and interprets that information as meaningful objects and events |
|
|
Term
How have senses evolved?
Frogs |
|
Definition
| Frogs have cells in their eyes that respond only to small, dark moving objects |
|
|
Term
How have senses evolved?
silkworms |
|
Definition
| Male silkworms’ odor receptors can detect the sex attractant of a female a mile away |
|
|
Term
How have senses evolved?
humans |
|
Definition
| Human ears are most sensitive to frequencies that include human voices, especially a baby’s cry |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps for senses to work? |
|
Definition
- They Receive sensory stimulation
- They Transform that stimulation into neural impulses using transduction
- They Deliver the neural information to the brain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transduction is the process of converting one form of energy into another; in this case, from photons and sound waves into neural signals. |
|
|
Term
| What Stimuli don't we sense? |
|
Definition
1. Vision: X-rays, radio waves, ultraviolet and infrared light
2. Hearing: Very high and very low frequency sounds |
|
|
Term
What Stimuli do other organisms detect
that we cannot?
Birds |
|
Definition
| Birds use magnetic compass to find direction |
|
|
Term
What Stimuli do other organisms detect
that we cannot?
Bats and dolphins |
|
Definition
| Bats and dolphins use sonar |
|
|
Term
What Stimuli do other organisms detect
that we cannot?
Bees and ants |
|
Definition
| Bees and ants see polarization of sunlight for navigation |
|
|
Term
| Absolute threshold (definition) |
|
Definition
| Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
|
|
Term
| Absolute threshold (examples) |
|
Definition
- A person can see a far away light in the dark
- A person can feel the slightest touch
- Audiologists can find the volume level you can detect 50% of the time for a given frequency
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subliminal input is input below the absolute threshold that can still be detected unconsciously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Setting us up to perceive or remember things in a certain way based upon unnoticed information such as from subliminal input |
|
|
Term
| Difference Threshold (definition) |
|
Definition
| A difference threshold is the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time |
|
|
Term
| Difference Threshold (example) |
|
Definition
parents needs to distinguish their own child’s
voice from others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weber's law is that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion (rather than a constant amount) |
|
|
Term
Weber's Law
(proportions stimuli must differ to be perceived as different) |
|
Definition
Light (intensity) 8%
Weight 2%
Tone (frequency) 0.3% |
|
|
Term
| Sensory adaptation (definition) |
|
Definition
| Sensory adaptation is reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Sensory adaptation (example) |
|
Definition
| We eventually cease to notice a room’s bad smell after we’ve been there for a while |
|
|
Term
Why doesn’t a visual stimulus disappear
when we stare at it? |
|
Definition
| Because our eyes move too much to burn in the image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Perceptual Set is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing rather than another. In other words, your interpretation depends upon your previous ideas or experience with something similar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The context can influence perceptions.
Context can include culture, emotions, and other perceptual information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visible light is only a tiny slice of a wide spectrum of electromagnetic energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hue is the color we experience. |
|
|
Term
| What causes what hue something has? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes light's intensity? |
|
Definition
| Light's amplitute or height. |
|
|
Term
Do all organisms see the same parts
of the light spectrum? |
|
Definition
No. For example, bees cannot see red,
but they can see ultraviolet light. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the eye begins the processing of visual stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lens of the eye do? |
|
Definition
It inverts (flips upside down) the light.
The brain interprets the image as upright. |
|
|
Term
| What causes the blind spot? |
|
Definition
| A part of the eye where there are no receptors because there the optic nerve leaves the eye. |
|
|
Term
The Retina
What do rods do? |
|
Definition
| Rods detect blacks, whites, and grays, and are necessary for peripheral and twilight vision. |
|
|
Term
The Retina
What do cones do? |
|
Definition
| Cones detect fine detail and allow color vision. |
|
|
Term
Differences between cones and rods
in the eye:
How many |
|
Definition
Cones: 6 million
Rods: 120 million |
|
|
Term
Differences between cones and rods
in the eye:
Sensitivity to dim light |
|
Definition
Cones: Low sensitivity
Rods: High sensitivity |
|
|
Term
Differences between cones and rods
in the eye:
Color sensitive? |
|
Definition
Cones: Yes, color sensitive.
Rods: No, not color sensitive. |
|
|
Term
Differences between cones and rods
in the eye:
Detail sensitive? |
|
Definition
Cones: Yes, detail sensitive.
Rods: No, not detail sensitive. |
|
|
Term
| For processing visual information, where does the information from the right visual field go? |
|
Definition
To the left hemisphere (left half) of the brain.
Information from the left visual field goes to the right hemisphere (right half) of the brain.
It flips. |
|
|
Term
The Brain
What does the visual cortex contain? |
|
Definition
| The visual cortex contains feature detection cells which respond to features such as edges, lines and angles. This helps a person figure out what you are looking at. |
|
|
Term
The Brain
What is parallel processing?
|
|
Definition
| Parallel processing is the way the brain assigns different teams of cells to simultaneously process many aspects of a scene or problem. |
|
|
Term
The Brain
What is recognition? |
|
Definition
| Recognition is the brain interpreting a constructed image based upon information from stored images. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A gestalt is pieces of information
organized into a whole. |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What are 2 ways we use to know where one object begins and the other ends? |
|
Definition
- Figure-ground: seeing the difference between to object and its background
- Grouping: organizing stimuli into meaningful groups
|
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What are 3 grouping strategies? |
|
Definition
- Proximity--being close
- Continuity--being connected
- Closure--being part of one thing, like a circle
|
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What is depth perception? |
|
Definition
| Depth Perception allows us to see in 3-D even though images that strike the retina are two dimensional. |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What is the Visual Cliff? |
|
Definition
The Visual Cliff shows that even infants can see in 3-D because they would not crawl over what seemed to be a hole they would fall into. See picture below:
[image] |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What are 2 techniques our brain
uses to see depth (in 3-D) |
|
Definition
- Binolular cues: information coming through our 2 eyes
- Retinal disparity (differences): by comparing images from both eyes, the brain can figure out distance
|
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What are Monocular Cues? |
|
Definition
| Monocular cues is information about depth available to one eye alone. |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What is Linear Perspective? |
|
Definition
Linear Perspective uses lines to make a flat picture have depth. The below picture uses Linear Perspective to make the higher monster look bigger.
[image] |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What is Perceptual Constancy? |
|
Definition
| Perceptual Constancy is seeing objects as being the same object even though it looks different depending on the angle, distance and lighting. |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What is Color Constancy? |
|
Definition
| Color Constancy is seeing objects as having the same color even though the color looks different in different parts because of things like shadows or different lighting. |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
How is our visual knowledge inborn? |
|
Definition
| We come equipped to process sensory information through our eyes. |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
How is our visual knowledge learned
(not inborn)? |
|
Definition
| We learn some aspects of seeing, such as connecting distance with size. |
|
|
Term
Gestalt Psychology/Form Perception
What is Perceptual Adaptation? |
|
Definition
| Perceptual Adaptation is being able to adjust so that we can make sense of what we see, even when something we do mixes this up. Example: You can adjust to goggles that flip images upside down and backwards. |
|
|
Term
When we hear something,
what is coming in through our ears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sound Waves are compressing and expanding
air molecules. |
|
|
Term
| What is sound measured in? |
|
Definition
| Sound is measured in decibels. |
|
|
Term
| What decibel level is less than we can hear? |
|
Definition
0 dB (decibels)
There is still sound below 0 decibels,
but our ears cannot hear it. |
|
|
Term
| What decibel level is normal conversation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What decibel level can cause hearing loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the 4 steps in our ears
decoding sound waves? |
|
Definition
- Sound waves strike the ear drum, causing it to vibrate.
- Tiny bones in the middle ear pick up the vibrations and send them to the cochlea.
- Ripples in the fluid of the cochlea bend the hair cells lining the surface, which trigger impulses in nerve cells.
- Axons from these nerve cells send a signal to the auditory cortex.
|
|
|
Term
| What is the Cochlea in the ear? |
|
Definition
The Cochlea is a coiled (like a spring),
fluid-filled tube in the inner ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The placement of of our ears on opposite sides of our head helps with this. Our ear which is closer to the sound can tell this because the sound is
- more intense
- gets their sooner.
|
|
|
Term
What are the 4 different things our skin senses
that enable us to feel touch? |
|
Definition
- Pressure
- Warmth
- Cold
- Pain
|
|
|
Term
| What is pain a combination of? |
|
Definition
| Pain is a combination of body and mind. |
|
|
Term
What are three ways we can use
to relieve pain? |
|
Definition
- Distraction
- Medication
- Hypnosis
|
|
|
Term
| What are our 5 taste receptors? |
|
Definition
- Sweet
- Salty
- Sour
- Bitter
- Umami
|
|
|
Term
Survival functions of for the tastes:
Sweet |
|
Definition
| Sweet indicates an energy source |
|
|
Term
Survival functions of for the tastes:
Salty |
|
Definition
| Salty indicates a sodium essential to physiological processes |
|
|
Term
Survival functions of for the tastes:
Sour |
|
Definition
| Sour indicates possibly toxic (dangerous) acid |
|
|
Term
Survival functions of for the tastes:
Bitter |
|
Definition
| Bitter indicates possible poisons. |
|
|
Term
Survival functions of for the tastes:
Umami |
|
Definition
| Umami indicates proteins to grow and repair tissue. |
|
|
Term
| With what does the tongue sense tastes? |
|
Definition
| The tongue senses taste usin the more than 200 taste buds each with 50-100 taste receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What is Sensory Interaction? |
|
Definition
Sensory Interction is one sense
influencing another sense. |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 examples of Sensory Interaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the chemical senses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes us to be able to sense smells? |
|
Definition
Smell occurs when molecules in the air reach the
cluster of 5 million olfactory receptor cells at the top
of each nasal cavity.
Different combinations of receptors identify different smells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinesthesis is the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. |
|
|
Term
| What is Vestibular Sense? |
|
Definition
| Vestibular sense is the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. |
|
|
Term
What happens to different
sensory information? |
|
Definition
| Nerve impulses carry information to different areas of the brain where the brain processes the information to form perceptions. |
|
|
