1. jokes
2. slips of the tongue
3. what happens in dreams

1. id
2. superego
3. ego

An iceberg, with most of it invidible because it is under the water (unconscious) but some of it is visible (conscious).

1. Oral (mouth)
2. Anal (where you poop)
3. Phallic (penis and vagina)
4. Latency (hidden sexual feelings)
5. Genital (penis, vagina, breasts but when you're older)

Defense Mechanisms

What is Regression?

Regression is going back to comforting earlier behaviors when faced with a lot of stress

Example:  an older kid sucking his thumb.

Defense Mechanisms

What is a Reaction Formation?

Reaction Formation is switching unacceptable ways of acting or feeling with their opposite.

Example:  An angry person acts overly friendly.

Defense Mechanisms

What is Projection?

Projection is disguising your threatening ways of acting by saying someone else did them or the same things.

Example:  a thief thinks everyone else is a thief too.

Defense Mechanisms

What is Rationalization?

Rationalization is when a person justifies something bad they have done by making up reasons that make them look good instead of facing the more difficult unconscious reasons they did it.

Example:  An alcoholic says he will drink tonight to be social with his friends.

Defense Mechanisms

What is Displacement?

Displacement is switching sexual or aggressive wants to someone more acceptable or less threatening person or thing.

Example:  A little girl kicks the dog after her mother sends her to her room.

Defense Mechanisms

What is Denial?

Denial is refusing to believe or see painful things.

For example:  A wife denies her husband is cheating on her even when he comes home with lipstick all over his face and neck.

Psychodynamic Theory comes from Freud's way of thinking, but is also a little different in 2 ways:

1. more of a focus on what the conscious mind does (not just the unconscious mind);
2. less focus on sex and aggression as things that motivate people

1. Alfred Adler
2. Karen Horney
3. Carl Jung

A Projective Test uses an unclear image to bring out thoughts or feelings inside a person because he sees the image based upon his inner thoughts and feelings.

Example:  Rorschach inkblot test

1. Reliability:  different people grading the test come up with the same grade;
2. Validity:  the test is helpful to predict something.

Probably not.  

• Dreams are probably not unconscious wishes
• Slips of the tongue are probably not from the unconscious

The Humanistic Perspective

What is the Humanistic Perspective (view) based upon?

The Humanistic Perspective

1. Abraham Maslow;
2. Carl Rogers

Heirarchy of Needs

What is the Heirarchy of Needs and which psychologist came up with it?

Heirarchy of Needs

What is the need for Self-Actualization?

Heirarchy of Needs

What is the need for Self-Transcendence?

Freud studied mostly sick (psychologically sick) people.

Maslow studied mostly healthy, creative people.

Person-centered.  This meant therapists should 

1. be genuine, meaning open with their feelings
2. be totally accepting
3. be empathic by reflecting the patient's feelings back to them (saying what you think the patient is saying about how he feels).

A person's Self-Concept is everything a person thinks and feels when asked, "Who are you?"

• When a person has a positive self-concept, she sees the world as positive.
• When a person has a negative self-concept, she sees the world as negative, and feels unhappy.

• Much of what is done in therapy, education, and raising children comes from the Humanistic Perspective.
• Many people believe a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success
• Many people believe that people are basically good and able to improve.

1. The ideas are not based in science
2. Focusing on improving yourself and making yourself happy could make people selfish and even do bad things if they thought it would make them happy
3. Some people can be truly evil and are not improving

Trait Psychologists find traits that usually go together to describe personality types (also called clusters of behavioral tendencies).  Then they divide people up into these types to help people better understand themselves in others.

For example, being an extrovert (someone who is very outgoing, comfortable with people, loud) is a type.

Trait Psychologists

What were the two ways the Eysencks divided personality into?

Stable and unstable

Introverted (shy) and extraverted (outgoing)

Trait Psychologists

Trait Psychologists

1. Conscientiousness (being careful and organized)
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism (being emotional stable or unstable)
4. Openness (about your feelings and thouhts)
5. Extraversion (being outgoing)

Trait Psychologists

Your Possible Selves are the people you hope to become or are afriad you might become.

Example:  You might be afraid you will turn out like your mother but hope to turn out like your father.  :) Both of these are your possible selves.

Self-Esteem is how you feel about yourself.  

• If you have high self-esteem, then you feel good about yourself.  
• If you have low self-esteem, then you feel bad about yourself.  

1. Defensive self-esteem: when you are fragile
2. Secure self-esteem: when you are more confident

1. value things you excel at
2. blame problems on prejudice (or other people)
3. compare yourself to others in your own group (not to celebrities or athletes)

A Self-Serving Bias is the way we tend to view ourselves more positively.

• We think we are better than average
• We accept more responsibility for the good things we do than for the bad things we do)

1. Noticing our mistakes makes us less likely to repeat them
2. Saying something bad about ourselfves often encourages someone else to say something nice about us
3. Being aware of our weaknesses prepares us for the times we fail
4. It is not as hard to be critical of who we were (not who we are now)

An Individualist Culture (like the United States) focuses more on our own goals than that of the group.  

People...

• are more independent
• are more unique
• pursue their own goals 
• change the world when it gets in their way
• choose right and wrong for themselves, and
• have more but shorter relationships.

An Collectivist Culture focuses more on the goals of the group (for example, extended family, work groups, etc.)

An Individualist Culture (like the United States) focuses more on our own goals than that of the group.  

People...

• are more dependent on each other
• try to fit in 
• fulfill the responsibilities
• adjust to reality when they don't like it
• follow what others say about what is right and wrong
• have few but very close relationships.