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Definition
| Involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as Pavlovian conditioning. A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that has through conditioing acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. Builds on a response that's automatically triggered by a stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs within previous conditioning. |
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Definition
| Refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency. |
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Definition
| Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the orginal. |
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Definition
| When an organsim that has learned a respose to a specific stimulus doesn't respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similiar to the original. |
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Definition
| The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency. |
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Definition
| The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposurfe to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
| When an organism's responding is influenced by the observaation of others, who are called models. |
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Definition
| Edward Thorndike. Performance is strengthened if it's followed by a rewarf and weakened if it's not. |
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Definition
| When a response is strengthened because it's followed by the presentation of rewarding stimulus. |
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Definition
| When a response is strengthened because it's followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. |
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Term
| Presentation of a Positive Reinforcer (Reward Training) |
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Definition
| Punishment takes the form of adding an aversive stimulus. |
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Term
| Presentation of a Negative Reinforcer (Punishment) |
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Definition
| When an event following a respomse weakens the tendency to make that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an event following a responmse weakens the tendency to make that response. |
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Term
| Operant Chamber/ Skinner Box |
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Definition
| A small enclosure in which an animal can make specific response that's systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled. Designed by B.F. Skinner for testing ideas about instrumental/ operant conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcement of closer and closer approximates of a desired resonse. |
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Term
| Schedules of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an event following response increases an organism's tendency to make that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| When every instance of a dsignated response is reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| The response is reinforced only some of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforver is given for the girst response that occurs after a fixed interval time has elapsed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcer is giben for the first response after a variable time interval hsa elapsed. The intercal length varies around a predetermined average. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unusually, vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perserves information in its original sensory form for a bried time, usually only a fraction of a second. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited capacity memory store that can maintain unrehearsed information for 20-30 seconds. Usually 7 plus or minus 2 items. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited capacity store that can maintain unreheaersed information for up to about 20 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered can also be used to enrich encoding. Storing new information by converting it to mental pictures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Help a person form memory connections, Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devises in aiding memory. The more meaning an item has to the individual the better it is rememebered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combing small bits of information into larger chunks. |
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Term
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Definition
My dear aunt sally: Multiple, divide, add, subtract.
Never eat shredded whear: North, east, south, west. |
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Definition
| Maintaining encoded information in memory over time. |
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Definition
| Fast decaying store of visual information (a second or less) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast decaying store of auditory information (5 seconds or less). |
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Term
| Short Term/ Working Memory |
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Definition
| A working memory is an active maintenance of information in short term storage. Example: Chess player visualizing what could happen by visualizing the chess board in head. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whenpeople consciously or intentionally retrieve past expereinces. Example: I remember when... |
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Term
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Definition
| When past experiences influence later behavior/ performance, even if people aren't trying to recollect or are aware they are remembering them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recover information from memory storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires participant to select previously learned informatiom from an array of options. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires a participant to memorize information for a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Concepts
2. Propositions
3. Schemas
4. Mental Models
5. Images
6. Cognitive |
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Term
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Definition
| Category of object with similar properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combining concepts to express a relationship. Jason dumped Heather. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sets of closely related propositions. Cars have keys, motors, brake pedals. Picnics are in the summer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrangement of objects that guide iour interactions with them. |
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Definition
| Mental representation of visual information. |
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Definition
| Mental model showing familiar parts of an environment. Finding a flaslight during a power outage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speedier but more error prone educated guess based on past experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Estimating likelihood of events based on availability in memory of events comes readily to mind we thing such events are common. |
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Term
| Representative Heuristics |
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Definition
| Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes may lead to ignoring other information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The way an issue is posed whih can affect decisions and judgments. |
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Definition
| A tendency to search for information that supports out beliefs and to ignore everything that would debunk it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to think of things only in their usual functions hinders problem solving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to approach a problem in a way that was successful in the past. |
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Definition
| The smallest unit that carries meaning in language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest distinctive sound unit in language. |
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Definition
| The system of rules that enables us to communicate with others. |
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Definition
| The rules for combing words into grammatically sensible sentences. |
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Definition
| An accumulation of drive, incentive and urge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior, characteristic of a species, possessed by all member of the species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Says that a need results in a drive, which motivates the organsim to satisfy the need and go back to homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's return to a balanced state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a certain level of body fat that our bodies strive to maintain constant throughout our lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fairly stable evaluation of something adds good or bad that makes a person think, feel or behave positively or negativvely about some person, group or social issue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in a person's behavior due to another person's presence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Implicit theories of personality; Beliefs about what kinds of behaviors are associated with particular traits and which traits usually go together, used to develop expectations about people's behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activating particular associations in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributions that explain someone's behavior in terms of the circumstances rather than aspects of the person. |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency to attribute behaviors to a person's internal qualities while underestimating situational influences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schemas that are often negative and used to categorize complex groups of people. |
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Term
| Self- Fulfilling Prophecy |
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Definition
| Beliefs about how a person will behave that actually makes the expected behavior more likely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Performance changes if "primed" (reminded) about a sterotype of ome's group. Sterotypes do affect actual performance both positvely and negatively. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern in which people working together on a task generate less total effort than they would have if they had each worked alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state in which an individaul in a group experiences a weakened sense of personal identity and diminished self awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Fake Shock" experiemnts, which studied the tendency to obey authorty figures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in behavior in response to a request. |
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Definition
| A pattern of thinking that occurs when cohesive group minimizes or ignores members' differences of opinion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of thinking that occurs when cohesive group minimizes or ignores members' differences of opinion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bystander effect is one reason why people fail to help strangers in distress: The larget the group a person is in, the less likely he is to help, partly because no one in the group thinks it is up to him to act. |
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Term
| Stanford Prison Experiment |
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Definition
| Phillip Zimbardo's study of the effct of roles of behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. They study was ended early because of the "guards" role induced cruelty. |
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