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| The state where no government is in place, therefore leaving natural rights violated, chaos. |
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| Changes in, or additions to, the U.S. Constitution. |
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| constitutional convention |
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| The meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced a totally new constitution still in use today. |
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| articles of confederation |
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| Constitution drafted in 1777, ratified in 1781; created a weak national government that could not levy taxes or regulate commerce |
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| According to Madison, a group of peole who seek to influence public policy in ways contrary to the public good. |
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| A principle of American government whereby constitutional authority is shared by three separate branches of government - legistlature, judicial, and executive. |
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| The ability f one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions. |
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| Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of largely independent states. |
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| Supporters of a stronger central government who advocated ratification of the Constitution. |
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| Conforming to the law or to rules. Able to be defended with logic or justification. |
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| The governing body of a state. |
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| The market condition that exists when there are few sellers, as a result of which they can greatly influence price and other market factors. |
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| In general a person who favors a more active federal government for regulating business, supporting social welfare, and protecting minority rights, but who prefers less regulation of private social conduct. |
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| Doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern must exercise it in conformity with the general will. Concept that political and legislative power resides with the citizens. |
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| Type of government in which its functions and powes are prescribed, limited, and restricted by law. |
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| Strong, often uncritical supporter of a party, cause, or person. Member of an armed group fighting secretly against an occupying force. |
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| Based on nature and Providence, and not on the whims of preferences of people. |
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| Latin for "You shall have the body"; court order directing a police officer, sheriff, or warden who has a person in custody to bring the prisoner before a judge and show sufficient cause for his or her detention. Was designed to prevent illegal arrests and imprisonment. |
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| A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime. |
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| A series of 85 essays by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay that were published in New York newspapers in 1787-1788 to convince New Yorkers to adopt the newly proposed Constitution. |
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| Activities associated with governing an area or country, and with the political relations between states. |
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| Referring to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs. Referring to the central government as distinguished from the separate units constituting a federation. |
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| The power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government to block some acts by the other two branches. |
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| To formally pass a law, constitution through vote. |
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| Having the power to appoint or elect. Able to make or change a political constitution; member of a constituency. |
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| A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. |
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| Government by a monarch, a sovereign head of state. |
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| Governmed by a dictator, a ruler with total power over a country. |
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| The person currently in office. |
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| indirect (representative) democracy |
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| A form of government in which people elect representatives to rule in their interest. |
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| A form of democracy in which power is vested in representatives selected by means of popular competitive elections. |
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| In general a person who favors more limited and local government, less government regulation of markets, more social confirmity to traditional norms and values, and tougher policies towards criminals. |
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| An identifiable group of persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource - in this case, political power. |
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| A theory that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy. |
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| direct (participatory) democracy |
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| A government in which all, or most, of its citizens participate directly in either holding office or making policy. |
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| A term used to describe a political system in which the people are said to rule, directly or indirectly. |
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| Compromise at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that reconciled the interests of small and large states by allowing the former to predominate in the Senate, latter in the House. Connecticut. |
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| 2nd plan to amend the Articles of Confederation; unicameral legislature, one vote from each state, many presidents (in order to avoid tyranny). |
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| Two houses; a lawmaking body make up of two chambers or parts. |
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| 1st plan to abolish the Articles of Confederation, which called for a stronger national government with three government branches: bicameral (House of Representatives and the Senate). The first, which is lower, will be directly affected by the people; the second (higher) will be directly affected by state legislators. House of Representatives is dependent on the population. |
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| January 1787, group of ex-Revolutionary war soldiers and officers, plagued by debts, high taxes, and fear of losing property to creditors, tax collectors, forcibly prevented courts in W. Mass. from sitting. |
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| states regarding the right and responsibilities of the state and its citizens. |
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| Rights all people are born with. Life, liberty, and property/pursuit of happiness. |
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| Latin for "after the fact"; a law that makes criminal an act that was legal when it was committed, that increased the penalty for a crime after it has been committed or that changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier; retroactive criminal law. |
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| A list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. |
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| Each slave would count for 3/5 of a vote, especially in southern states. |
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| The power of the courts to declare acts of the legislature and of the executive to be unconstitutional and hence null and void. |
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