Define Anatomy

and

three subdivisons

The study of STRUCTURE

can be divided into

Gross or macroscopic (regional, surface, systemic)

Microscopic (cytology- cell study or histology- tissue study)

Developmental (embryology)

1) Mastery of anatomical terminology

2) Observation - viewing & making judgements

3) Manipulation - changing things

4) Palpation - touching

5) Ausculation - listening

Define Physiology

and

subdivisons

The study of FUNCTION at many levels

The subdivisons are based on organ systems

(eg: renal, cardiovascular, etc)

3 tools for studying Physiology

 1) Ability to focus on many levels (systemic, cellular, molecular)

2) Basic physical principles (electrical, current, pressure, and movement)

3) Basic chemical principles

Principle of Complementaruty between

Anatomy and Physiology

1) They are inseparable

2) Function always reflects structure

3) What a struture can do depends on its specific form

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organismal

**** know in order from Chemical to Organismal, never out of order

Cellular Stucture level

Molecules come together to form cells

Example: Organelle and smooth muscle cells

Many similar cells coming together to form tissues

example: Smooth muscle tissue

Many types of tissue coming together to form an organ

example: smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue form an organ

Many organs working together to form a organ system

example: disgestion, respiratory

Many organ systems coming together to form a organism

example: human, dog, cat, bird etc

External body covering: skin, hair, nails

Protects deeper tissue

systhesizes vitamin D

houses cutaneous receptors for pain, pressure etc.

houses glands

Protects and supports body organs.

Framework for muscles to cause movement

blood cells form in bones

bones store minerals

Allows munipulation of environment

locomotion

facial expression

posture

produces heat

Fast acting control system of body

responds to all changes in body by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Glands secrete hormones tha regulate processes suchs as;

growth

reproduction

nurtirent use by cells

Bllod vessels transport blood around body with;

oxygen

carbon dioxde

waste

heart pumps system

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.

filters debris out of system

houses white blood cells

ummunity response mounts attack on foreign substances in body

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

gaseous exchange occurs through walls of airs sacs in lungs

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells

waste is removed via feces

Eliminates nitrogenous waste from body

regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-based balance of the blood

Male and female organs to produce offspring.

testes produce sperm.

ovaries produce egg and hormones

female structures serves to fertilze and develope the fetus

All cells depend on organ systems to meet survial needs

organ systems work cooperatively to perform lfe functions

to maintain homeostasis

1) boundaries between internal and external environments

2) movement

3)responsiveness

4) digestion

5) metabolism

6)excretion

7) reproduction

8) growth

Plasama membrames

skin

is the contractility (tightening up of muscles)

of body parts (skeletal muscle)

of substances (cardia or smooth muscle)

The ability to respond to stimuli

withdrawal reflex

control of breathing rate

breakdown of ingested foods

absorption of simple molecules into the blood

Chemical reactions that occur in body cells

catabolism- breaks down

and

anabolism - builds back up

removal of wastes from merabolism and digestion

urea

carbon

feces

cellular divison for growth and repair

producing offspring

1) Nutrients for energy and cell building via fats, carbs, proteins, minerals, etc

2)oxygen essential for engery release (ATP production)

3)Water - most abundant and site of chemical reactions

4) Norm body temp affects the rate of cehmical reaction

5) atomospheric pressure for proper breathing and gas exchange in lungs

maintenance of stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

dynamic state of equilibrium

continuos monitoring and regulation of many factos (variables)

nervous and endocrine system accomplish communication via nerve impulses and hormones

receptors- monitor environment and respond to stimuli

control center - determines set-point at which variables are maintained , receives imput from receptor, determines response

Effector- receives output from control center, gives means to respond, responses acts to reduce or enhance stimulus (feedback)

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus

reg of body temp

reg of blood volume by ADH- receptors sense decrease in blood volume control center in hypothalamus stimulates pititary gland to release antidiutretic hormone (ADH), which causes kidneys (effectors) to return more water to blood

Reponse enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, has cascade or amplifying effect. controls infrequent events.

Ex: enhance labor cotractions increased with oxytocin

or

platelet plug formation and clotting

increase risk of disease

contributes to chanes associated with aging

allows destructive positive feedback to take over

(eg heat failure)