Term
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Definition
| The study of structure, its relationship among structures of the body and the function in relation to its structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Careful identification and examination of structures of the body |
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Term
| An Example of Chemical Level of Structure |
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Definition
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Term
| An Example of Cellular Level |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle cell (Any specific of cell) |
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Term
| An Example of tissue level (Histology) |
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Definition
| Any piece of tissue - collection of cells |
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Term
| An example of organ level |
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Definition
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| An Example of System level |
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Definition
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| An example of Organismal level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
standing up right
- feet flat on the floor
-arms at the sides
-palms turned forward |
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Term
| What is the plane called when the body is divided from right to left |
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Definition
| medial sagittal plane (midsagittal plane) |
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Term
| What is the parasagittal plane? |
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Definition
| Divides the body into unequal right and left parts. Runs parallel to median sagittal plane |
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Term
| What movement occurs in the medial sagittal or parasagittal planes? |
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Definition
| flexion extention hyperextention |
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Term
| What plane divided the body into front and back? (or anterior and posterior) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the movement allong the Frontal/Coronal plane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What plane divides the body in top and bottom (or superior and inferior) |
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Definition
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Term
| What movement occurs in the transverse plane? |
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Definition
| protraction/ retraction of the scapula or the mandible |
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Term
| Directional Terms: Superior |
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Definition
towards the head
ex. Shoulders are superior to the elbow |
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Term
| Directional Terms: Inferior |
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Definition
away from the head
ex. stomach is inferior to the lungs |
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Term
| Directional Terms: Medial |
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Definition
towards the midline
ex. the ulna is medial to the radius
ex2.the tibia is medial to the fibula |
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Term
| Directional Terms: Lateral |
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Definition
Farther away from the midline of the body
ex. the thumb is lateral to the index finger |
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Term
| Directional Terms: superficial |
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Definition
Close to the surface of the body
ex. The skin is superficial to the muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Away from the surface of the body
ex. the bones are deep to the muscles |
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Term
| What is the housing for the brain and spinal cord called? |
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Definition
| cranial vavity and vertebral canal |
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Term
| 2 main cavities in the trunk, what are they sperated by? |
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Definition
| Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated by diaphragm |
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Term
| What are the organs called in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 cavities loccated w/in the Thoracic Cavity? |
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Definition
| periocardial, 2 plearal and mediastinum cavities |
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Term
| What is part of the pelvic cavity? |
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Definition
| Urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine and reproductive organs |
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Term
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Definition
-Specialized connective tissue
-Cells: chondrocytes, chondroblasts + extracellular matrix compossed of collagen fibers; elastic fibers and groung substances
- NON-Vascular |
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Term
| What is the purpuse of Hyaline Cartilage? |
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Definition
Flexibility, support
- at joints = decreases friction and absobs shock
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Term
| Where is Hyaline Cartilage loccated? |
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Definition
Respiratory Passageways and articular cartilage
- nose, respiratory tracks, laryns, articulating joints in the body(elbows, shoulders, wrists) |
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Term
| What are the features of hyaline cartilage? |
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Definition
Resilient gel like ground substance; chondrocytes and collagen fibrils |
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Term
| Where is Fibrocartilage loccated? |
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Definition
Intervertebral discs, pubic cymphysis, knee (meniscus) |
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Term
| What are are the features of fibrocartilage? and Function? |
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Definition
Chondrocytes located among bundles of collagen fibers w/in extracellular matrix
-provides strength and rigidity as well as flexibility and support
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Term
| Where is Fibrocartilage found? |
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Definition
| Interverterbral discs, meniscus of the knee, and pubic symphysis |
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Term
| Where is Elastic Cartilage found? |
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Definition
| External Ear, Auditory Tube and Epiglottis |
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Term
| What are the fetures and functions of Elastic Cartilage? |
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Definition
Features: chondrocytes; ground substance and network of elastic fibers
Functions: maintains shape while provididng strength and elastisity |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of bone cells? Where do they arrise(what's the chain)? What are their functions? |
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Definition
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
Arise from Osteogenic cell, into osteoblast which matures into an osteocyte
Osteoblasts form bone matrix,
osteoclasts reabsorb the bone matrix
osteocytes maintain bone tissue |
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Term
| What the biggest difference between cartilage and bone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized connective tissue |
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Term
| What does bone consist of? |
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Definition
| Cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes), collagen fibers, extracellular matrix |
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Term
| What are the functions of bone? |
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Definition
Protection
Support
Movement
Mineral Storage
Hemopoiesis
Triglyceride Storage |
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Term
| What are the 7 different sections or parts of a bone? |
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Definition
Epiphyses (2, one on each end)
Diaphysis
Metaphyses (2, one on each end)
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary Cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| The end of a bone - bones have 2 ephyses; proximal and distal epiphysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Shaft of the bone. Surrounds the medullary cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| It's inbetween the diphysis and the epiphysis, contains a layer of cartilage. In growing bone it's a layer of cartilage which allows for bones to grow = Epiphyseal Plate. In adult bone it is called the epiphyseal line. |
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Term
| On a long bone, What is articular cartilage? What is it's fuction? |
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Definition
| It's a thin layer of hyaline cartilage which lines the epiphysis. Function: reduces friction, absorbs shock |
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Term
| What is the periosteum? What are its functions? |
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Definition
It's the connective tissue covering of bone.
Functions:
-contains cells: allows bone growth
-carries blood vessels: nourishes bone tissue
-gives attachment to ligaments and tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the bone, which lines the medullary cavity. Consist of cells allows for bone growth. |
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Term
| What is the medullary cavity? |
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Definition
| space within the shaft or diaphysis of a long bone. contains either yellow or red marrow. |
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Term
| What is the biggest difference between the medullary cavity of adults and childern? |
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Definition
| In adults it's filled with yellow marrow = triglycerides. In children it's filled with red marrow = Hemopoiesis (production of blood cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of Blood cells |
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Term
| What is the term for production of Blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the organic material of bones? What is it's function? |
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Definition
Cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes. Collagen fibers, ground substances.
Function: flexibility, tensile strength |
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Term
How would one remove all the organic material of bone? What happens to the bone?
What is a real life example of this? |
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Definition
Remove w/ heat. Bone becomes brittle.
Ex. Elderly, decrease in number of osteocytes, bones become more brittle and fracture easily. |
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Term
| What is the inorganic material in bone? What is its function? |
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Definition
Minerals; calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate = hydroxyapatite crystals
Function: strength and rigidity |
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Term
How would one remove all the inorganic material of bone? What would happen to the structure of the bone?
What is a real life example of this? |
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Definition
Remove with Acid. Bone becomes supple (flexible).
Ex. Childrens' bones = increase number of active osteocytes = greenstick fractures. |
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Term
| What is a Green Stick Fracture? |
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Definition
| Partial Fracture in which one side of the bone is broken the other side of the bone is bent. |
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Term
| What is a compound Open fracture? |
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Definition
| When the bone breaks, broken end protrudes through the skin. |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of bone structure? |
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Definition
| Compact bone and Spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
Dense, solid material, deep to the periosteum
Thickest in diaphysis(shaft)
Thinest in epiphysis
Consists of Osteons or Haversian Systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentric lamellae of extracellular matrix and osteocytes arranges around a central havesian canal. The central Havesian canal contains the blood vessel and lymph vessel. |
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Term
| What another name for an osteon |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of osteons? |
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Definition
| resist torsional forces - stresses of weight bearing and movement |
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Term
| Where is spongy bone loccated in a long bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does spongy bone consist of? |
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Definition
| Irregularly arranged lamellae in form of trabeculae - oriented allong the lines of stress. |
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Term
| What is loccated bewteen the trabeculae of spongy bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of Spongy bone? |
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Definition
| resist compression forces and hemopoiesis. |
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Term
| What is osteoporosis? Why does it occur? |
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Definition
| Porous Bone. Occurs because bone reabsoption outpaces bone deposition. |
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Term
| What are the differnt types of arteries in long bones? |
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Definition
Periosteal
Nutrient
Metaphyseal
Epiphyseal |
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Term
| What is the main artery in long bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 different types of bone found in the human body? give examples of each. |
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Definition
Long bone = humerous
Short bone = trapeziod
Flat bone = sternum
Irregular bone = vertabra
Sesamoid bone = patella
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Term
| How many bones are there in the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the division of the human skeleton? |
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Definition
| Axial skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton |
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Term
| What is included in the Axial Skeleton? What the function of the axial Skeleton? |
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Definition
Skull, vertebral collum, thoracic cage
Function: protection of the spinal cord, brain, lungs and heart + support |
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Term
What is part of the appendicular skeleton?
What the function of the appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
All the limb bones + clavicles and hip bones.
Function: mobility |
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