Term
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Definition
| study of how people influence other' behavior, beliefs, and attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals have a fundamental, biological need for interpersonal connections |
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Term
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Definition
theory that we evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others
Ex. get midterm grade back, go B- ("not bad..."). look at class average, A+ (feel worse about self...feel stupid compared to class) |
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Term
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Definition
contagious outbreak of irrational behavior
(related to collective delusions in which many people simultaneously believe bizarre things that are false)
Ex. House episode (meningitis on airplane) |
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Term
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Definition
enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others
Ex. when bicyclists raced in group, they did better and went faster than when timed individually |
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Definition
worsening of behavior based of the presence of others
Ex. spelling bee. boy knew word but panicked during competition because of presence of audience and fainted |
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Term
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Definition
process of assigning causes to behavior
(Internal and External Attribution) |
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Term
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Definition
behavior is due to person's personality.
something about the person is believed to be primarily responsible for the outcome.
(something wrong with them)
Ex. when driving and car cuts us off, think that person is an a**hole, they can't drive, they're inconsiderate, and a dumba**. something wrong WITH THEM |
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Term
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Definition
behavior is due to situational factors.
something about the specific situation is believed to be primarily responsible for the outcome.
Ex. when we cut off another car, think whoops, embarrassed/sorry, it was an accident, they think i'm an a**hole. we blame it on the bad weather or our blind spot |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior
INDIVIDUAL
Ex. still going to rate Dan as pro-Fidel Castro after hearing speech even though everyone saw teacher assign him to give a pro-Fidel Castro speech |
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Term
| Cultural Differences in Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
in eastern cultures, people are better at taking the situation into account.
tend to focus more on contextual factors.
less likely to make fundamental attribution error.
Ex. when driving and car cuts you off, people with cultural differences may think that the reason the other person cut them off was because they were running late (possibly) |
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Term
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Definition
tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure.
horizontal (those around you, not of higher authority).
influence between peers. |
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Term
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Definition
participants in the study are asked to judge the length of lines.
all individuals except one are told to say the wrong answer.
done to see whether the one individual would conform so he/she wasn't isolated even if they knew the others were wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities
Ex. Stanford Prison Experiment |
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Term
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Definition
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making.
getting to an answer is more important than the best answer. ("i don't want to rock the boat")
Ex. jury duty |
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Term
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Definition
tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
Ex. liberal and conservative talking, leave convo more liberal or more conservative |
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Term
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Definition
group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
Ex. Heaven's Gate mass suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause |
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Term
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Definition
an approach to resisting a persuasive appeal by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and debunking them.
come up with arguments against something.
Ex. D.A.R.E. (having kids pretending to say "No" o drugs. tell them what to say and practice. then if actually get into situation, kids know what to say and are more likely to resist temptation) |
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Term
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Definition
adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
vertical (those of higher authority)
Ex. the Holocaust |
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Term
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Definition
when obedience can be detrimental.
"just taking orders" is used to excuse inhumane behavior
Ex.Milgram Study (participants shocked others if given wrong answer) |
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Term
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Definition
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do.
if others look unconcerned, we assume there's no problem.
Ex. don't raise hand when teacher asks "Any questions?" because no one else raised their hand and you think you are the only one that doesn't understand the topic |
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Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
reduction n feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others.
the more people there are, the more likely we are to assume that someone else will help. |
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Term
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Definition
phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups.
people feel less responsible for the outcome of a project when working in groups than they do when working alone.
Ex. OSU cheerleader won't be as loud when cheering in group as when cheering individually |
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Term
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Definition
helping others for unselfish reasons.
based on feelings of empathy toward the person in distress.
Ex. more likely to help someone with asthma attack because you also have asthma |
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Term
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Definition
learning about the psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better.
makes people more aware of the importance of helping |
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Term
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Definition
conclusion regarding factual evidence
Ex. women get in more accidents than men |
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Term
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Definition
belief that includes an emotional component.
no longer fact.
originate from recognition (something we've heard many times-from parents), when famous or attractive person delivers message, or our personalities (we like things that are like us. Ex. brunettes are better than blondes-you are a brunette)
Ex. "I feel that men are better drivers than women" |
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Term
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Definition
| personality trait which is extent to which behavior reflects true feeling and attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs.
attitudes/beliefs in conflict with behavior.
Ex. during study, those who got $20, no cognitive dissonance. cognitive dissonance with those who got $1. |
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Term
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Definition
theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors.
Ex. we don't know what our favorite laundry detergent is. look at our behavior, go Tide the past few times, then think that Tide must be our favorite. new attitude: Tide is my favorite. |
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Term
| Impression Management Theory |
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Definition
theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes.
don't change our attitudes, but say we did.
Ex. racist, white small town. go to OSU for college, very diverse. not acceptable to be racist. our attitudes about white superiority doesn't change, but they are hidden. |
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Term
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Definition
influencing someone's behavior:
Dual Process Models (Central Route and Peripheral Route)
Persuasion techniques (foot in the door, door in the face,
low ball) |
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Term
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Definition
influencing someone's behavior with careful thought.
*influencing someone by strength and quality of argument with facts. |
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Term
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Definition
influencing someone's behavior with snap judgments.
people don't think critically about the contents of the message but focus on superficial characteristics.
Ex. celebs promoting something seen in ADs. Giorgio Armani ad, based on hot guy...don't even see perfume |
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Term
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Definition
| persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one |
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Term
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Definition
(opposite of Foot in the Door)
persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted
Ex. ask parent if you can rent "Big Slashing Mommas with Chain Saw Daughters". mom says absolutely not. then ask to rent "Scarface". mom agrees, thinks it's much better than the first. if started with scarface, might not have been able to rent it. |
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Term
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Definition
persuasive technique in which the seller offers a great deal to gain initial compliance, then mentions add-on costs at the last second.
financial investment. common tactic in car sales. |
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Term
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Definition
BELIEF
positive or negative belief about the characteristics of member sof a group that is applied generally to most members of the group.
based on something that is overgeneralized (or no longer true) |
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Term
| Ultimate Attribution Error |
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Definition
assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions.
applied to a GROUP (group membership) |
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Term
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Definition
ATTITUDE
drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
evolutionary predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different.
benefit of forging close alliances with insiders, mistrusting outsiders |
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Term
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Definition
tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group.
Ex. teacher favors girls in classroom because she is a girl. |
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Term
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Definition
tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.
Ex. "anyone not in our group, men, are all the same." -group of girls.
Ex. "psychologists are personable, engineers are awkward and smart" - psychology teacher |
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Term
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Definition
prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes.
Ex. white people's fault for slavery (blame others for misfortunes) |
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Term
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Definition
| our attribution and behaviors are shaped by deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason |
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Term
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Definition
| unfounded negative belief of which we are aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group |
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Term
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Definition
| unfounded negative belief of which we are unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group |
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Term
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Definition
children make independent contributions to a shared project.
reduces prejudice. |
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Term
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Definition
groups were given a series of activities that required them to cooperate to achieve and overachieving goal.
reducing prejudice.
Ex. Robber's Cave Study. water supply cut off. students found clogged water supply and they worked together to get to a common goal.
Ex. Remember the Titans |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOR
negative behavior toward members of an out-group.
based on stereotypes or prejudice.
Ex. white and black drinking fountains |
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Term
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Definition
| "intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure" (Boring's Dictum) |
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Term
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Definition
theory 1 of intelligence (by Sir Francis Galton)
intelligence is the byproduct of sensory capacity
(reflexes) |
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Term
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Definition
theory 2 of intelligence
capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
(still do this today) |
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Term
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Definition
a diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability.
focused on higher mental problems
first intelligence test created by researchers that were asked to help the French government identify children in need of special education assistance |
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Term
| A General Ability and Additional Specific Abilities |
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Definition
theory 3 of intelligence
(if general intelligence is low, specific abilities will be low. if general intelligence is high, specific abilities will cluster high) |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people |
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Term
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Definition
| particular ability level in a narrow domain |
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Term
| Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
capacity to learn new ways of solving problems.
going with the flow, being adaptive |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time.
knowledge of specific things.
facts.
Ex. names of 50 states, presidents, friends |
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Term
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Definition
theory 5 of intelligence
idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill.
includes linguistic, interpersonal, spatial, musical, etc |
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Term
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Definition
individuals show remarkable abilities in one or two narrow areas but not in most other domains
Ex.Kim Peck (movie "Rainman") can remember many, many facts (zipcodes, books) but tests for mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
theory 6 of intelligence
model of intelligence consisting of 3 distinct types of intelligence:
analytical
practical
creative |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to reason logically |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to solve real-world problems, especially involving other people |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to come up with new and effective answers to questions |
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Term
| Biological Bases of Intelligence |
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Definition
1. Brain Size (uncorrelated with intelligence)
2. Brain Action (related to efficiency of mental processing)
3. Reaction Time (negatively correlated with intelligence)
4. Memory (correlated with intelligence)
5. Location (Prefrontal cortex, associated with intelligence) |
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Term
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Definition
| intelligence test based on the measure developed by French researchers Binet and Simon |
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Term
| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
(intelligence testing)
systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
(intelligence testing)
age corresponding to the average individual's performance on an intelligence test |
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Term
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Definition
(intelligence testing)
expression of a person's IQ relative to same-aged peers
(used today) |
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Term
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Definition
| used to test immigrants (most who barely spoke english) |
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Term
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Definition
effort to improve a population's "genetic stock"
encouraged those with "good genes" to reproduce and preventing those with "bad genes" from reproducing.
66,000 North Americans underwent forced sterilization |
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Term
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Definition
show extent to which a trait runs together in intact families (all live in same home).
IQ does run in families |
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Term
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Definition
studies that compare correlations in IQ between identical twins and fraternal twins.
higher correlation in identical twins than in fraternal twins |
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Term
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Definition
examines how much children adopted into new home resemble their adoptive verses their biological parents.
kids seem to resemble more of biological parents in IQ |
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Term
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Definition
within a given family, there is virtually no relationship between birth order and IQ.
children from larger families have lower IQ's than those from smaller families (by a few points) |
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Term
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Definition
program designed to give disadvantages children a jump start by offering them an enriched educational experience prior to starting elementary school.
short-term benefits: increases in IQ
long-term benefits: less likely to drop out of HS, less likely to be held back a grade |
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Term
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Definition
IQ-based teacher expectancies can affect teachers' interactions with students.
study: teachers told that students' performance on IQ test indicated they would show large gains in intelligence over the school year. found a slight increase in IQ scores for identified students.
most likely happened because extra social reinforcement and encouragement of learning was likely given to those students by the teachers |
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Term
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Definition
social and economic deprivation can adversely affect IQ.
Ex. malnutrition, lead exposure, and lack of breast feeding - linked to lower IQs |
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Term
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Definition
| finding that the average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately 3 points per decade |
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Term
| Sex Differences in Intelligence |
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Definition
| few or no average sex differences in IQ. |
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Term
| Racial Differences in Intelligence |
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Definition
Asian-Americans have highest IQs, then Caucasians, then African-Americans, and Hispanic-Americans.
IQ differences between races are narrowing (because of environmental differences-socioeconomic status) |
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Term
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Definition
| fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype |
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Term
| Within-group Heritability |
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Definition
| extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influences |
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Term
| Between-group Heritability |
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Definition
| extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influences |
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Term
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Definition
when a test tends to predict outcomes better in one group than another
Ex. women vs. men |
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Term
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Definition
| people's typical way of thinking, feeling, and behaving |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively enduring predispositions (tendencies) that influence our behavior across many situations |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals |
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Term
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Definition
approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
Ex. case studies of specific individuals |
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Term
| Molecular Genetic Studies |
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Definition
| allow researchers to pinpoint which genes are associated with specific personality traits |
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Term
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Definition
one of the most influential people of the 20th century.
founder of one of the most influential models of personality called psychoanalytic theory |
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Term
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Definition
| mental disorders were physiologically caused |
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Term
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Definition
| mental disorders were psychological factors |
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Term
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Definition
the assumption that all psychological events have a cause.
no thought is meaningless. |
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Term
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Definition
no action is meaningless
Ex. Freudian slips
Ex. accidentally calling boyfriend by ex-boyfriend's name |
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Term
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Definition
| the unconscious mind is out of reach, but can influence our behaviors/emotions |
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Term
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Definition
a reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression.
entirely unconscious.
includes a variety of drives including libido=sexual energy or motivation.
"I Want It Now!" |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of the ID to strive for immediate gratification |
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Term
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Definition
our sense of morality.
sense of right and wrong.
dictates how one should behave.
our conscience, responsible for feeling of pride and guilt.
"I Need To Do A Bit Of Planning To Get It." |
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Term
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Definition
psyche's executive and principal decision maker.
mediates demands of ID and superego<--resolves conflict.
"You Can't Have It. It's Not Right." |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity to postpone gratification until an appropriate outlet |
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Term
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Definition
unconscious maneuvers to reduce anxiety and guilt
Ex. displacement. boss is an a**hole. want to punch him, can't because you will get fired. so when get home, kick dog instead to let out frustration |
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Term
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Definition
"abnormal psychology" or "psychopathology".
characterized by statistical rarity. |
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Term
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Definition
view of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.
treatments were primarily exorcisms |
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Term
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Definition
view of mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment.
treatments included snake pits and bloodletting |
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Term
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Definition
an institution for people with mental illnesses created in the 15th century.
patients were often neglected or mistreated |
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Term
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Definition
| a government policy focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing many mental hospitals |
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Term
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Definition
apprehension, dread, or uneasiness.
activation of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety that is long-standing and disruptive |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin |
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Term
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Definition
neurological symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, but no physical cause.
have symptoms but can't find physical cause.
PROOF.
Ex. so stressed and worried that you get a stomachache |
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Term
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Definition
an individual's continual preoccupation with an idea they're suffering from a physical disease.
NO PROOF.
Ex. person TRULY believes that he/she has cancer, but Dr. says no, keep going to other doctors. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
continual feeling of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life.
interferes with day-to-day functioning (spend 60% of each day worrying).
often co-occurs with other problems like depression (insomnia and fatigue,poor concentration, irritability/edginess).
Ex. worries=sitting in class and forgot to lock front door. and scared that they will forget to do the homework that is due next week. |
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Term
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Definition
repeated and unexpected panic attacks along with persistent concerns about future attacks.
change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid panic attacks |
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Term
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Definition
brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by: sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy.
intense and out of the blue.
people fear having another panic attack. |
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Term
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Definition
intense, irrational fear of an object or situation.
fear is greatly out of proportion to the actual threat.
interferes with normal activities.
Ex. animals or insects, water, elevators, darkness, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation seems likely. |
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Term
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Definition
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.
commonly seen in people with panic disorder.
rare but most commonly treated. |
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Term
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event.
Ex. most commonly rape, most famously war.
symptoms: flashbacks, avoidance of places/thoughts of event, recurrent dreams, on edge/guard, panic, nightmares.
becomes a disorder is symptoms continue for >6 months |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| condition marked by repeated and lengthy immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both |
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Term
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Definition
persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate.
Ex. focused on thoughts of contamination, sex, aggression, or religion |
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Term
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Definition
repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress.
Ex. common rituals include checking, counting, washing, and rearranging |
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Term
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Definition
avoid unpleasant consequences of social interaction/situation.
negative reinforcement:
avoiding feared situation/stimuli means taking away
unpleasant anxiety.
relief from anxiety reinforces avoidance.
Ex. bit by dog when young. stay away from dogs. |
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Term
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Definition
| children observe others' fears and take them on as well |
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Term
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Definition
predicting terrible outcomes or the worst possible scenario
Ex. cheerleading tryouts. going do jump, fall flat on face, then everyone will laugh, i won't make the team, i will continually get laughed at in the hallway, my friends will be embarrassed of me, i will have no one... |
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Term
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Definition
fear of anxiety-related sensations; view anxiety as dangerous.
try to avoid anxiety situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who try to lose a lot of weight over a short period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| ED: binging and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight |
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Term
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Definition
| ED: excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight. |
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Term
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Definition
| serious, persistent disturbance in emotions |
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Term
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Definition
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities.
feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, hopelessness,guilt.
suicidal thoughts/actions. |
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Term
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Definition
experience of a loss.
Ex. divorce, death, loss of job |
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Term
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Definition
tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control.
Ex. dog being shocked. "i have learned that i can't escape it." even when they have opportunity to escape shock, they won't try because they have already acquired learned helplessness. |
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Term
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Definition
| condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode |
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Term
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Definition
experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior.
Even extreme life decisions
Ex. drag races, skydiving, gamble life savings |
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Term
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Definition
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality.
most severe and mysterious of all disorders.
symptoms: delusions, hallucinations (mostly auditory), disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior.
NOT split personality |
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Term
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Definition
strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality.
considered psychotic symptoms because they reflect a serious distortion of reality. |
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Term
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Definition
sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli.
visual and/or auditory |
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Term
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Definition
| peculiar language resulting from a thought disorder |
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Term
| Grossly Disorganized Behavior |
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Definition
| diminished self-care, hygiene; inappropriate emotional outbursts; strange clothing |
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Term
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Definition
| motor problem including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position. |
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Term
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Definition
| perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability and stressors that trigger this vulnerability |
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Term
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Definition
disorder marked by severe deficits in language, social bonding, and imagination, usually accompanied by mental retardation.
repetitive behavior |
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Term
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity, and activity |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives |
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Term
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Definition
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
Ex. art therapists, religious counselors, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| behavioral therapists that focus on specific problem behaviors, and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner |
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Term
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Definition
| clients immediately experience their greatest fear, with no aversive consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| a research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| technique in which therapists jump right to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and expose clients to the feared stimuli for prolonged periods |
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Term
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Definition
| use of reward and punishment to shape behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| therapy focused on attempting to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational ones |
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Term
| Empirically Supported Treatments |
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Definition
| intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| use of medications to treat psychological problems |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
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Definition
| a treatment that involves administering brief electrical pulses to the brain which produce a seizure |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical stimulation device is implanted near the vagus nerve to treat major depression |
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Term
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Definition
| brain surgery to treat psychological problems |
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