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600,000 units demolished. Only 100,000 units replaced; of these only 12,000 were low-income housing. The main reason planning in the early 21st century has a bad name.
Names: Taft, Ellender, Wagner. |
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| Ambler Realty Company v. Euclid, Ohio |
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Definition
| Landmark Supreme Court Case: Established the municipal government to limit the private property through zoning to protect the health and welfare of the overall community. |
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| Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 |
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| Maximum feasible participation. Act established the War on Poverty which created Head Start, legal services, JobCorps, etc. |
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| Mt. Laurel Supreme Court Case |
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| A court case which established an "affirmative obligation" among local communities to meet a "fair share" of the housing needs of the poor. |
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| A UN document offering policy guidance to local officials aimed at promoting more environmentally sustainable local communities. More than 100 countries signed this protocol, including the UN, which has become a focus on attack on planning, as a form of interference in person freedom and property rights. |
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| Bush era Housing and Urban Development program designed to replace failing public housing complexes with mixed income complexes providing displaced public housing with Section 8 vouchers that enable them to move to healthier neighborhoods with expanded housing, employment, and quality service options. |
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| Lead architect of Seaside, FL. A nationally recognized architect who is considered one of the key creators of the contemporary New Urbanist Movement. "If a city is not growing statistically in population or wealth, it should not be growing geographically". |
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| author of "How the Other Half Lives". Studies of the Tenement Housing in NY. Documented how density leads to intense environmental, public health, housing, and service problems. Social costs of tenement house. |
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| Social work professional in 1960's. Author of "The Ladder of Citizen Participation". Advocates a redistribution of power from the haves and the have-nots as mean of directly involving them in planning and decision-making processes. |
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| Nobel Prize Winner. Father of artificial intelligence. Popularized Intelligence, Design, and Choice (IDM) approach to planning. Carnegie Mellon Professor of Economics. |
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| Considered to be the father of modern town planning. Wrote the first planning text "Cities in Evolution", 1902; Emphasized understanding nature, organism and function as well as the cooperative community-building and problem solving. Born in Scotland. Professor of Botany. |
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| Author/creator of first comprehensive plan of Memphis, 1926. Nationally recognized St.Louis-based planner responsible for producing many of the nation's most highly regarded comprehensive plans in the period of '25 - '55. |
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| Landscape architect and civil engineer. Produced master plan for Central Park, Prospect Park, Van Courtland Park. 1909 Olmsted called for holistic/interdisciplinary approach to city building. |
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| Harold Washington of Chicago |
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Definition
| First African American mayor of Chicago. Chicago Works Together plan. Responsible for pursuing redistributive economic development policies through a hugely participatory planning process. |
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| Liberal lawyer and planner in 1960s. Father of advocacy planning which encourages planners to work with marginalized communities to make their voices heard and within public planning processes. |
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| Author of The Power Broker. Mid 20th century master builder of NYC. Major contributions: NY Parkway network system of interstates. Built 13 bridges & 150,000 housing units. Once occupied 12 positions simultaneously, including that of NYC Parks Commissioner. |
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| Landscape architect/planner responsible for completing many of the Midwest and west's comprehensive plans. Premier project: Implementation of the Memphis Parkway System. |
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| Building square footage divided by the lot square footage |
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| Specific, Meausurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time Bound, Evaluate, and Re-Do. |
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| Restrictive land use rules to limit the ability of poor & working class citizens from living in specific areas. Done by large lot size, restricting/prohibiting multi-family housing, social services. |
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| As of Right "Permitted Use" |
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Definition
| Specific land uses that are allowable, w/out special permits, w/in specific zoning districts. |
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| Max Feasible Participation |
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| Term coined by Senator Moynihan as part of the War on Poverty requiring >50% of local advisory boards for federal programs |
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| What factors lead to the intense period of urbanization that took place in the U.S. during the 19th Century? |
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Definition
Major Health Improvements
Agriculture Productivity Increased
Move from Rural to Urban
Demand for Manufacturing Increased
Improved Infrastructure (Fire/Police) |
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Definition
| "Make no little plans". Chicago architect (1846-1912). Master planner 1893 World Columbian Expo. 1901 McMilan Plan for WA DC. Authored first comprehensive plan in US; 1909 Chicago Plan. |
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| NYC housing reformer. Credited with leading successful campaign to pass the Tenement Housing Act 1901. Advocated for good design in public housing. |
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| Progressive architect. Established RPAA (Regional Planning Association of America) to advance the Garden City deals of Ebenezer Howard and the Regional Planning Principles of Patrick Geddes. Implemented first Garden City in US: Sunnyside Gardens, NY (Borough of Cemetaries). |
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| Columbia University poli-scientist. Pres. Roosevelt's Kitchen Cabinet "Brain Trust": Crafted 2 doz. laws comprising the New Deal. Established legendary PhD. program at U-Chicago. |
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| Specializes in equity planning. Grad of Cornell M-CRP. Served 3 mayors as planning director. Authored Cleveland Planning Policy Report. Sought to expand opportunities for those with fewest life chances. |
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Term
| Identify the 6 urban social movements that took place during the Progressive Era. |
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Definition
1.Sanitarian Movement
2.Public Parks Movement
3.Tenement Housing Movement
4.Settlement Housing Movement
5.Gov't Reform Movement
6.Material Feminist Movement |
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Definition
| Currently serving as the Secretary of the US Dept. of HUD. Responsible for initiating Choice Neighborhood Program as improvement to HOPE IV. |
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| Student of Reinhold Neihbur who founded the Highlander Center for Citizen Edu. & Research in New Market, TN. Location where MLK, JR. and R.Parks were trained in non-violent social change 2 summers before Montgomer Bus Boycott. Leading American Theologian. |
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Term
| Identify four of Patrick Geddes most seminal contributions to modern town planning? |
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Definition
1.The Region as the appropriate unit of planning
2.The importance of a systems approach to planning
3.Introduced the basic steps in the planning process
4.Wrote the first planning text - Cities in evolution |
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Definition
| First example of New Urbanist Principles and Design. Design led by (Duany Plater Zyberk(DPZ). Designed similar to Clarence Perry's Traditional Neighborhood Development: Walkable, mix-use, started as somewhat affordable, has become tourist destination causing increase in property values making it a "second home" community |
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Definition
| First American fullblown G-City. 20 miles west of NY in Fairlawn, NJ. Integrated Clarence Perry's PUD concept. |
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| Regional Planning Association of America |
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Definition
| Organized by Clarence Stein (1923). Group of progressive architects, l.arch, foresters, economists, etc. committed to sustainable regions building garden cities. |
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| Describe 5 of the essential characteristics of Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City? |
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Definition
1.Establishment of a non-profit development corporation to create the new towns
2.Purchase of cheap ag. land 30 miles from central cities.
3.New communities integrated the best of town & country.
4.A range of housing so as to be socially integrated
5.Social institutions at the center to highlight cooperative values |
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| Define comprehensive planning & summarize the most compelling arguments in support of its importance to good government? |
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Definition
1.Promotes public health, safety & welfare.
2.Manages growth, change, &
community renewal.
3.Improves quality of life |
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Term
| Identify & briefly describe the major steps in the planning process as described by Ernest Alexander? |
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Definition
1.Problem diagnosis
2.Goal Articulation
3.Projection and Prediction
4.Design of Alternative Monitoring of Effectiveness & Efficiency
5.Implementation
6.Evaluation of Effectiveness and Efficiency |
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Term
| Identify & briefly explain the most common/essential contents of a comprehensive plan? |
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Definition
-Land use
-Transportation
-Infrastructure
-Community facilities
-Housing
-Economic development
-Human services/education
-Public safety
-Disaster mitigation |
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Term
| Sanitation Movement - Mid 19th Cent. |
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Definition
| Led medical professionals, educators & engineers; Addressed root causes of urban health crisis; basic regulations, municipal services, edu., model programs primary care, gains support of industrialists |
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| Public Parks Movement - Early 19th Cent. |
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Definition
| Addresses declining quality of urban environment; Inspired by European Royal Gardens; Led by Andrew Jackson Downing & Fred. Law Olmsted; Elites are fearful, finally permit competition for a central park in NYC- 1856 Greendsward Plan by Olmsted and Vaux |
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Term
| Tenement Housing Movement - 1870-1890 |
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Definition
| Leader was Lawrence Veillers. Prompted by horrific conditions in tenement housing. Broad-based movement begins with housing regulation; progresses to limited-equity housing. moves toward public housing; Passage of 1901 Tenement Housing Reform Act. |
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Term
| Settlement Housing Movement |
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Definition
University Settlement House; Inspired by social gospel Sermon on the Mount; in 1880 there was 1, by 1920 there were 400.
Focused on education, sanitation, self-help, political empowerment |
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Term
| Key women in the Settlement Housing Movement (4) |
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Definition
1. Jane Adams
2. Lillian Wald
3. Mary Simkovitch
4. F. Kelly |
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Term
| Name & explain 5 of the most common implementation mechanisms used to advance the goals & objectives of a comprehensive plan? |
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Definition
-Zoning
-Operating budget priorities
-Capital improvement projects
-Strategic development initiatives (Grant seeking)
-Intergovernmental agreements |
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Term
| Define strategic planning & explain how it differs from comprehensive planning? |
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Definition
| Strategic planning is a disciplined effort to produce decisions & actions that guide & shape an organization. Promotes solidarity & ownership. |
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Definition
| Triggered by fraud, patronage, nepotism, cronyism of urban political machines. Led by WASPS concerned about the growing influence of immigrant workers; |
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Term
| What are the 8 rungs of Citizen participation? Top to bottom. |
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Definition
8. Citizen Control
7. Delegated Power
6. Partnership
5. Placation
4. Consultation
3. Informing
2. Therapy
1. Manipulation |
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Term
| Material Feminist Movement |
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Definition
| Suffragists who believe in political equality for women hinged on economic and domestic rights; committed to redesigning the American home, urban neighborhoods, metro regions all to be pro-children and families; Applied scientific management to home; socialize and professionalize domestic labor. |
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Term
| Identify & briefly explain five aspects of land use typically regulated within a municipal zoning ordinance? |
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Definition
1.Permitted activities
2.Height
3.Bulk/Density
4.Set-back requirements.
5.Signage |
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Term
| Granting a petitioner an area variance (6) |
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Definition
1. Property is unique
2. Reasonable Use
3. Owner did not know he/she had a problem
4. No other solution exists
5. Requested relief will not alter the essential character of the community
6. Relief sought is the least intrustive |
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Definition
| Locally Unwanted Land Use |
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Term
| Common Zoning Issues for Contemporary Planners (only 3 needed) |
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Definition
1. Re-zoning for changing land use patterns
2. Single versus mix-use zoning
3. Historic Preservation |
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Term
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Definition
| Disciplined effort to produce decisions that guide and shape what the organization is; designed to support non-profit organizations and communities to respond to the changed circumstances |
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Term
| What is an Area Variance? |
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Definition
| Area variance - is a request for minor relief from the technical requirements of a local zoning ordinance without affecting the use |
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Term
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Definition
| Use variance - is a request to allow for a non-permitted use within a district. |
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Term
| Which is more difficult to get? An Area or Use Variance? |
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Definition
| The use variance is more difficult to get because it could affect the nature of the neighborhood |
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Term
| Justifications for Strategic Planning |
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Definition
1. (Re)Defines mission, goals, objective
2. Insures effective communication of the organization's global view
3. Promotes solidarity and a sense of ownership over organizational direction
4. Enhances efficient and effective uses of resources
5. Creates baseline for future evaluation
6. Improves planning, problem solving, communications and management skills |
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Term
| What are the conditions/requirements that must be met in most states to grant a petitioner an area variance? |
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Definition
1.Property is unique
2.Reasonable use (IRR) not permitted
3.Owner did not know he/she had a problem
4.No other solution exists
5.Requested relief will not alter the essential character of the community
6.Relief sought is the least intrusive |
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Term
| 3 Critical Q's to address at every step in planning process: |
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Definition
1. WHO and WHAT are we NOW?
2. WHO and WHAT do we want to be in the FUTRURE?
3. What is the optimal path towards achieving our strategic vision/goals? |
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Term
| Identify & explain three common zoning issues contemporary planners confront? |
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Definition
1.Single vs mixed-use
2.Performance vs functional zoning
3.Neo-traditional town planning |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on the type of activities permitted as right within a zoning district |
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Definition
| Places emphasis of zoning on the impact of adjacent properties and the people using the district |
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Term
| What are the major differences between the AICP’s Code of Ethical Conduct & Professional Practices’ Aspirational Goals (Part A) & the ethical rules (Part B)? |
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Definition
A.Aspirational goals describe the qualities we should strive to embody in our work; these are not enforceable.
B.Ethical rules are the behavioral “do’s” and “don’t” which we can be held accountable in our work and sanctioned if we fail to meet. |
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Term
| Define “complete streets”? |
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Definition
| Complete Streets are safe, comfortable, and convenient for travel for everyone, regardless of age or ability – motorists, pedestrians, bicyclists, & public transportation riders. |
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Term
| What is a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)? |
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Definition
| Transportation policy-making body made up of representatives from local govt. and transportation agencies with authority and responsibility in metro planning areas. Federal funding for transportation projects and programs is channeled through the MPO. |
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Term
| Why were MPO's created? (3-C's) |
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Definition
| To ensure that existing and future expenditures for transportation projects and programs were based on a continuing cooperative and comprehensive process. |
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Term
| Why are "complete streets" important to a healthy approach to forward-thinking transportation planning? |
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Definition
| Complete Streets are a healthy approach to transportation planning because they take every way to get around into consideration and provide a sensible, logical, & efficient means to arrange multiple modes of transportation. |
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Term
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Definition
A dynamic profession that works to improve the welfare of people & their communities by creating more convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, & attractive places for present & future generations.
(From APA Website) |
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Term
| Identify & describe the key elements of an effective land use control system. |
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Definition
1.Master plan
„2.Zoning ordinance
„3.Subdivision rules and regulations
„4. Storm water management plan
5.Site plan standards
6.Urban design standards
7.Environmental review
8.Historical and cultural review |
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Term
| Who was Harland Bartholomew and what role did he play in Memphis’s planning history? |
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Definition
| Creator of the 1926 Memphis, Tennessee, comprehensive plan. |
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Term
| What does Simon’s IDC acronym stand for? |
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Definition
| Intelligence, Design, & Choice |
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Term
| Strategic planning vs. Comprehensive planning: Time frame |
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Definition
| 6-12 months vs. 2-3 years |
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Term
| Strategic planning vs. Comprehensive planning: |
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Definition
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