Term
|
Definition
| Quick, hard-hitting, lasts a short time (flu) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Humoral response
B cells generate antibodies
B Lymphocytes activates, but only if that particular one has the matching -
if Activated, goes to Memory B Cell; and effector cells (factories)
Cellular immunity; Cell mediated response
T - cells mature in Thymus
Helper T cells (Th)
Cytotoxic T-Cells (Tc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Building blocks of proteins
20 variants
coded in mRNA
tRNA molecules are the ‘wheels’ for Wants to bond with mRNA (trucks)
example, IgG made up of 1500 amino acids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
AKA immunoglobulins;
made in response to antigen
binds specifically to an antigen
can cause 4 responses: Agglutination; Opsonization; Neutralization; Activation of complement
monomer is composed of 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains (variable)
IgG: 80% - help phagocytosis
IgM: 1st responder - 5 “y” together - braun
IgA: Protection on mucous membranes; eyes; backup to 1st Line
IgD: unknown
IgE: help eosinophils (remove parasitic worms)
Comes from B Cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Protein or polysaccharide that are recognized as foreign and elicit an immune response; (antagonist) bind to a B cell, that generate a effector cell (antibody factories), which will generate 1000’s of antibody’s, “tags” them for phagocytosis
also Stimulate T-Helper, provides 2nd check or confirmation |
|
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Term
| Acute bacterial endocarditis |
|
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus from mouth (surgery, dental)
Destroy heart valves, fatal within days |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Transmitted from animals to humans by tsetse fly
Parasite evades the antibodies through antigenic variation |
|
|
Term
Aminoglycosides
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
|
Definition
Aminoglycosides
Interfere with initial steps of protein synthesis
Changes shape of the bacterial ribosome
Streptomycin, Neomycin, Gentamicin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protease inhibitors
Inhibit the enzymes (proteases) that cut up the large viral proteins used for virus packaging
Analogs of amino acids are incorporated into proteins that block protease activity.
Entry inhibitors: Target cell membrane receptors
Fusion or entry inhibitors: Target the fusion of the virus with the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| A substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host |
|
|
Term
| Antimycobacterial antibiotics |
|
Definition
Mycobacteria-incorporates mycolic acids in cell wall
Drugs target the synthesis or incorporation of mycolic acid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Because of the parasitic nature of viruses, targets of antiviral drugs are limited
Nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitors
Treating HIV |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell shape - rod, may be cigar or straw shaped
streptobacillus - chains of rod-shaped bacteria
staphylobacillus - clusters of bacilli |
|
|
Term
| Bacitracin (Polypeptide antibiotics) |
|
Definition
Topical application
Against gram-positives
Inhibits cell wall synthesis at an earlier stage than penicillin |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Diseases of the Eye |
|
Definition
Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Chlamydia trachomatis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Predominately caused by three bacteria
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria Meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and
4) Listeria monocytogenes
Capsule; enters via cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that kill bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevent microbes from growing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protective barrier which is designed to keep the environment in the brain as stable as possible. Prevents many serious substances from entering the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affect a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Include SUGARS and STARCHES; are building blocks (DNA, cell walls, food. Principle function - fuel cell activities.
C, H, O (H:O, 2:1) ch2o sub n
ribose c12h22o11; glucose c6h12o6; sucrose c12h22o11
Monosaccharides: simple sugars Gluc (sweet) ose (sugar)
Disaccharides: 2 mono’ combine in dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides: 10’s or 100’s of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis, with side chains (usually not sweet, and not soluble - like glycogen; cellulose; dextran; chiten; starch
Story - sugars are the fuel source of every cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develops slowly; long lasting (mono, hep B) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram Negative, microaerophilic, spiral Infection
Leading cause of food borne illness in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very organized covering, Glycocalyx, which protects the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Cellular immunity; Cell mediated response |
|
Definition
T - cells mature in Thymus
Helper T cells (Th)
Cytotoxic T-Cells (Tc)
cellular immunity once “infiltrated”, cells or viruses, etc need to be killed; B Cells and T Cells; hanging out in the spleen, marrow and lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics that differentiate prokaryotes from eukaryotes |
|
Definition
(Eu=Neu - nucleus) eukaryotes have
nucleus, membrane bound organelles,
replicates through mitosis (gametes, fertilized egg)
(Pro = pre-nucleus) Prokaryotes have
no nucleus/have a nucleoid structure;
replicate through binary fission
flagellum
pili - transfer of DNA via pili is called conjugation |
|
|
Term
| Chemical requirements for Microbial Growth |
|
Definition
Carbon
Structural organic molecules, energy source
Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources
Autotrophs use CO2
Nitrogen, and phosphorous
In amino acids and proteins
Most bacteria decompose proteins
Some bacteria use NH4+ (organic cellular material) or NO3–
A few bacteria use N2 in nitrogen fixation
Sulfur;
In amino acids, thiamine, and biotin
Most bacteria decompose proteins
Some bacteria use SO42– or H2S
Trace elements
Inorganic elements required in small amounts; Usually as enzyme cofactors; Oxygen; Organic growth factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of drugs to treat a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes trachoma
Leading cause of blindness worldwide |
|
|
Term
Chloramphenicol
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
|
Definition
Chloramphenicol
Broad spectrum
Binds 50S subunit; inhibits peptide bond formation
Easily diffuses into areas of body that are normally inaccessible
Serious side effects limiting use |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) |
|
Definition
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Recovery does not confer immunity due to low level of toxin
Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram Positive, endospore forming, exotoxin producing, anaerobe found in healthy adults
Disease occurs as a result of prolonged antibiotic use
Predominately nosocomial disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell shape - spherical shape of bacteria
streptococcus - chains of cocci
staphylococcus - clusters or grapes - of cocci |
|
|
Term
| Combinations of Drugs (Effects) |
|
Definition
Synergism occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone
Antagonism occurs when the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone |
|
|
Term
| Competitive Inhibitors of metabolite synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane component: adds P, N, S; Phospholipids build membranes; polar and non-polar, orients to a ‘wall’ |
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
|
Definition
Gram-positive rod
Toxin produced by lysogenized bacteria
Interferes with protein synthesis
Highly virulent; anti-toxin therapy must be administered prior to infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “stuff” enclosed by plasma membrane, 80% H2O, proteins, carbs, lipids, ions. “Floats” nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kill cells that have gone awry; infiltrator, broken, cancerous, whatever is wrong with them
mature in Thymus
cell mediated response
MHC I presents a warning that the cell is bad - calling in a cytotoxic T-cell strike
also generate into effector cells and cell factories
Dumps porphyrins (proteins that blow up the cell membrane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of DNA using an existing strand of DNA as a template.
Any of a class of enzymes involved in synthesizing DNA from precursor molecules.
Any of various enzymes that function in the replication and repair of DNA by catalyzing the linking of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP in a specific order, using single-stranded DNA as a template. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein secreted by phagocytized bacteria, related to activity in Paneth Cells (Large Intestine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria and dextran, Lactic acid breaks down enamel |
|
|
Term
| Describe cellular respiration GLYCOLYSIS |
|
Definition
Breaking up of sugar
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> (cellular respiration) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Energy goes to heat and 38 ATP’s
breaks up carbon backbone into 3 C chains (pyruvate)
C-C-C-C-C-C -> C-C-C + C-C-C
needs 2 ATP’s and generates 4 ATP’s; NET 2 ATP’s (anaerobic)
C-C-C chains (pyruvates) enter Krebs Cycle (aerobic) -> generates 2 ATPs
Electron Transport Chain - This is where the most ATPs (Aerobic) are produced - 34 ATP’s |
|
|
Term
| Describe the enteric bacteria and name a couple |
|
Definition
Enterobacteria -terium
rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, as those of the genera Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella, occurring normally or pathogenically in the intestines. |
|
|
Term
| Difference between Gram Positive + and Gram Negative - cells walls |
|
Definition
Cell wall structure
Gram Pos cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram Neg cells have 2 plasma layers, with a thin peptidoglycan layer |
|
|
Term
| Differences between cellular respiration, fermentation and photosynthesis: |
|
Definition
CR - conversion of sugar and O2 into energy, release of CO2;
Fermentation - if there is no O2 - > fermentation occurs, produces alcohol or lactic acid -Method of forming energy from sugar breakdown - no O2, does not use Kreb’s cycle, or Electron Transport Chain, produces small amount of ATP, common product: lactic acid or ethanol
Photosynthesis: conversion of light into energy, in chloroplasts (algae, plants, etc). 6 CO2+ 12 H2O [-] C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in the state of health due to the microbe; action that causes something to not work properly in the body |
|
|
Term
| Diseases of Lower Digestive System |
|
Definition
Infection
Intoxication
Gastroenteritis
Treatment: oral rehydration therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Always present in a population (prevalence; incidence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Of, relating to, or being within the intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many people develop in short time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the endocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May form when nutrient conditions are low - hardened case, basically “hibernates” until released by improved conditions. Not replication / reproduction. just resting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of protein, that enhance or speed up a reaction process. |
|
|
Term
| Escherichia coli Enterohemorrhagic EC |
|
Definition
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)—STEC may also be referred to as Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Pathotype is most commonly heard about in news about foodborne outbreaks
Primary virulence is from Shiga toxin.
Releases toxin into gut, upon lysis of cell
Antibiotic treatment makes it worse because of cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis (4) |
|
Definition
Enteropathogenic EC
Stimulate host-cell actin to form pedestals beneath attachment site |
|
|
Term
| Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis (4) |
|
Definition
Enteroinvasive EC
Access intestinal submucosa through M cells. Synonymous with Shigella |
|
|
Term
| Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis (4) |
|
Definition
Enteroaggregative EC
Not invasive; enterotoxin causing a watery diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis (4) |
|
Definition
Enterotoxigenic EC
Not invasive; Secrete enterotoxins
One resembles cholera toxin in function |
|
|
Term
| Escherichia coli Pathogenic |
|
Definition
Pathogenic E. coli strains
Six pathotypes are associated with diarrhea and collectively are referred to as diarrheagenic E. coli.
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)—STEC may also be referred to as Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). This pathotype is the one most commonly heard about in the news in association with foodborne outbreaks.
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cause; name of the microbe; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that disease causing bacteria produce toxins |
|
|
Term
| Feedback inhibition (enzyme) |
|
Definition
| Halts enzymatic activity by an end product that “allosterically” inhibits formation of an intermediate product. (Once the end is reached, goes back and stops the reaction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Method of forming energy from sugar breakdown - no O2, does not use Kreb’s cycle, or Electron Transport Chain, produces small amount of ATP, common: lactic acid or ethanol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Straight appendages; like velcro - help stick to intestine, during flow, for example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trichous, provide motility, several structures; special hook, base or basal body, and filament |
|
|
Term
| Function of ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) |
|
Definition
Source or currency of biological ENERGY (all life forms)
growth, elec impulses, movement; battery of life
Stored energy -> used energy
A-P-P-P (ATP) +H20 -> A-P-P (ADP) + energy + P
electrons going to lower energy state when Phosphate group ‘pops off’: going from uncomfortable (potential) to comfortable (low potential)
adenosine is made up of adenine (A of DNA base pair) PLUS Ribose (RNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generate antibodies
BURSA of fabricius (produced in bone marrow)
Participate in HUMORAL response
membrane bound antibodies (fixed and variable portions)
B Lymphocytes activates, (by T-Helper connecting to MHC II) but only if that particular one has the matching variable part to the virus
if Activated, and same virus also affects T-Helper cells, T-Helper cell generates cytokines; goes to Memory B Cell; and effector cells (factories)
T-Helper - is a double key system helps make sure that the body doesn't attack itself (autoimmune diseases) - likelihood of activation
Effector B cells - “Plasma cells”
Memory B cells |
|
|
Term
| Functions of normal microbiota |
|
Definition
Microbes that are present on / in your body - do NOT cause disease, unless something occurs otherwise (damage or infection)
may serve a function (lactobacillus aid in digestion)
fill a room with good people, then there is no room for ‘bad’ people -
Skin; eyes; upper respiratory tract; mouth; large intestine; urinary and reproductive systems
microbial antagonism - normal can prevent harmful microbes
Opportunistic organisms - part of the normal microbiota, that may take over or cause disease due to certain opportunities (AIDs, HIV) |
|
|
Term
| Gastroenteritis (Lower Intestine) |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of stomach and intestinal mucosa: diarrhea, dysentery |
|
|
Term
| Gram Negative Sepsis (Endotoxin) |
|
Definition
Endotoxin shock
Endotoxins cause blood pressure to decrease
Progression to lethal stages
Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing bacteria
225,000 people die of Endotoxin shock every year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crystal Violet - “gram pos” cells take up the crystal violet stain (purple)
iodine - some function to mordate/fix the color
Ethanol, washes out the color from the “Gram Neg” cells, due to the wall thickness - thin peptidoglycan layer between two plasma layers
Safranin - the safranin stains the gram neg cells (pink or red) |
|
|
Term
| Gram-Positive Sepsis (Staph, Strep) |
|
Definition
Caused by Streptococcal and Staphylococcal
Bacterial components that cause septic shock are unknown
Nosocomial infection
Enterococci are becoming more prevalent as a cause of sepsis
Naturally resistant to penicillin and becoming resistant to vancomycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initial immune response to antigen in the body.
floating around in the body - not inside the cells, but in the fluid
B Lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell, from the bone marrow) connects to virus
B Lymphocytes activates, but only if that particular one has the matching -
if Activated, goes to Memory B Cell; and effector cells (factories)
protein complexes on B Cell;
specific Membrane bound antibodies
Immunoglobulins
variable portion on each part of the protein on each B cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B cells generate antibodies
B Lymphocytes activates, but only if that particular one has the matching -
if Activated, goes to Memory B Cell; and effector cells (factories) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause of Bacterial Meningitis (1/3)
Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haemophilus influenzae Pneumonia |
|
Definition
Gram-negative coccobacillus
Gram stain distinguishes from pneumococcal pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae |
|
Definition
1/3 of the world’s population have antibodies against HepBV
Millions are carriers
Many will eventually die of liver disease
Acute HepB: may show symptoms but eventually recover
Chronic: from asymptomatic to death |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis C virus Filoviridae |
|
Definition
Makes up almost all transfusion transmitted disease
Does not kill the infected cell but induces a immune inflammatory response that either clears virus or destroys liver (scarring of the liver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A, Picornaviridae
B, Hepadnaviridae
C, Filoviridae
D, Deltaviridae
E Caliciviridae |
|
|
Term
| How do viruses kill their host cells? |
|
Definition
Virus is chain of nucleic acid, in a capsid; 1000’s of types of viruses; doesn’t grow, doesn’t metabolize on its own;
Attaches to a cell, figures a way in - fusing, protein receptors, “trojan horse”, endocytosis “thinks it is food”, innoculate, release genetic material into cell,
RNA starts to ‘replicate’, hijacks the replication process, then RNA replicates and virus itself replicates...cell lyses and then viruses are ‘out there’,
may bud to cell membrane, and take part of the cell membrane with it (protective coat), less foreign looking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-specific (attack any invader)
1st (skin) and 2nd line of defense; non-specific reaction (phagocytosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entry of pathogenic microbes into the body |
|
|
Term
| Infection (Lower Intestine) |
|
Definition
Growth of a pathogen in intestines
Organisms penetrate intestinal mucosa
Incubation is from 12 hours to 2 weeks
Fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemagglutinin (HA) spikes used for attachment to host cells
Neuraminidase (NA) spikes used to release virus from cell
Antigenic drift
Due to the lack of proofreading ability of RNA viruses
Point mutations in genes encoding HA or NA spikes accumulate and eventually protein no longer an antigen to antibodies from last time |
|
|
Term
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Antimycobacterial antibiotics |
|
Definition
Opportunistic gram-positive pathogens
MycoBacteria-incorporates mycolic acids in cell wall
Drugs target the synthesis or incorporation of mycolic acid |
|
|
Term
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Bacitracin |
|
Definition
Polypeptide antibiotics
Bacitracin- Topical application
Against gram-positives
Inhibits cell wall synthesis at an earlier stage than penicillin |
|
|
Term
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Cephalosporins |
|
Definition
1ST-generation: narrow spectrum; act against gram-positive bacteria
2ND-generation: extended spectrum includes gram-negative bacteria
3RD-generation: includes pseudomonads; injected
4TH-generation: oral |
|
|
Term
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Natural penicillins |
|
Definition
Extracted from Penicillium, penicillin G (injected)
Penicillin V can be taken orally
Narrow spectrum, staph, strep, spirochetes
Short half-life unless combined with another drug
Susceptible to penicillinase (a β-lactamase) produced by bacteria, particularly staphylococcus |
|
|
Term
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Penicillin |
|
Definition
All have a common core structure containing a β-lactam ring
Penicillin molecules are differentiated by chemical side chains attached to the lactam ring
Block cross linking of peptidoglycans
Natural penicillins (MORE) |
|
|
Term
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Vancomycin |
|
Definition
Important “last line” against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus
VRE-vancomycin-resistant enterococci
Opportunistic gram-positive pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis (6) |
|
Definition
Penicillin
Semisynthetic Penicillans
Cephalosporins
Polypeptide antibiotics; Bacitracin, Vancomycin
Antimycobacterial antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis |
|
Definition
Rifamycin
Quinolones
Fluoroquinolones (Cipro)
Flucytosine
Cytosine analog interferes with RNA synthesis
Fungal cell converts flucytosine to 5 fluorouracil which is incorporated into RNA and disrupts protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
|
Definition
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycosides
Tetracycline |
|
|
Term
| Intoxication (Lower Intestine) |
|
Definition
Ingestion of a preformed toxin
Symptoms appear quickly after ingestion
No fever |
|
|
Term
| Know what MRSA means and its effect on society |
|
Definition
| Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus - a strain that resists antibiotics, and enhances the Staph bacteria’s ability to wreak havoc! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remains undetected (disease that appears to go away, or does not present) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection at the site of the larynx. (affects speech) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection sits “dormant” not expressed, usually no signs or symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fourth most common cause of meningitis
Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-negative aerobic rod |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflamed lymph vessels accompanying septicemia and septic shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capsule Virion attaches, penetrates (DNA inserted into cell), cell multiplies with viral DNA, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein secreted by phagocytized bacteria, related to activity in Paneth Cells (Large Intestine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Virion attaches, penetrates (DNA inserted into cell), biosynthesis (multiplies using cell structures), matures (assembles new virions), then lyses the cell, and escape to infect more cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Take up antigen (bacteria or large molecules) from the lumen of the small intestine by endocytosis or phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Take up antigen (bacteria or large molecules) from the lumen of the small intestine by endocytosis or phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
% that die or get sick;
The rate of incidence of a disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # that die, the number of deaths in a given period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ways to mutate or avoid antibiotic action - Gram Neg; penetration resistance, mimicry, camouflage, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Change in DNA due to some outside action, reaction, or a failure of the editing (translation) process
a. A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.
b. The process by which such a change occurs in a chromosome, either through an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA coding for a gene or through a change in the physical arrangement of a chromosome. |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Diagnosis) |
|
Definition
| Test = Injection of bacterial antigens results in T cell activation and reaction with antigens |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Etiology) |
|
Definition
Acid-fast rod; transmitted human-to-human;
Cell wall has high lipid content mycolic acids which resist drying and chemical anti-microbials |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Treatment) |
|
Definition
| Treatment: prolonged treatment with multiple antibiotics to minimize drug resistant strains PIERS |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (pathogenesis) |
|
Definition
| Bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung are ingested by macrophages, but often some survive. Infection is present, but no symptoms of disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxins produced by fungi. Cause nervous system disorders, kidney damage, liver damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease or infection obtained through a health care facility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limited effectiveness against microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause of Bacterial Meningitis (2/3)
Gram-negative, aerobic cocci with a capsule
Vaccines directed against capsules produce a poor immune response by memory B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large intestine has millions of bacteria: facultative anaerobes
To keep pathogenic bacteria out of small intestine antimicrobial defenses include granule filled Paneth cells
Phagocytize bacteria and secrete proteins called defensins and lysozyme |
|
|
Term
| Normal Microbiota of the Skin |
|
Definition
Gram-positive, salt-tolerant bacteria, resistant to drying
Staphylococci
Micrococci
Diphtheroids |
|
|
Term
| Nucleic acid (DNA) structure |
|
Definition
Double helix structure (ladders AT-CG Adenine Thymine :: Cytosine Guanine);
Plasmid - circular bits of DNA |
|
|
Term
| Nucleic acid (RNA) structure |
|
Definition
single structure (ladders AU-CG Adenine Uracil :: Cytosine Guarine);
mRNA (messenger) part of transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contains single, long strand DNA bacterial chromosome
also, small DNA molecules call Plasmids - may be used to replicate (gene manipulation); associated with plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| Helping phagocytosis; antibodies tagging a virus for “pickup”; and may glom them together |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidemic that occurs world-wide |
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Term
| PRIMARY and SECONDARY infections |
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Definition
| primary and secondary infections, initial acute illness, causes weakness that causes secondary infection. Secondary infection could be opportunistic, for example; antibiotics reduce the normal microbiota, allowing 2nd flourishing |
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Term
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Definition
Component that is most by weight
C, H, O, N, and some- S
Made up of DNA, base pairs (genes) - codes for a particular protein
Enzymes - proteins that speed up reactions
Transporter proteins - move chemicals in / out of cells
active osmosis - proteins use energy to move from high to low concentrations
bacteriocins - kill bacteria
exotoxins - disease causing bacteria produce toxins
Proteins cause muscle movement/contraction
part of cell structures
conduct regulatory functions |
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Term
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Definition
Antimicrobial defenses keep pathogenic bacteria out of small intestine.
Phagocytize bacteria and secrete proteins called defensins and lysozyme |
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Term
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Definition
| The way the disease develops; method of infection, action of the bacteria or virus; |
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Term
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Definition
| pathology: scientific study of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by streptococci, actinomycetes, and anaerobic Gram negative bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by streptococci, actinomycetes, and anaerobic gram negative bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| The infection continues, despite cure or reduction of antagonist; or recurs |
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Term
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Definition
Class of cell that can ‘eat’ pathogens
eukaryotic cell
general receptors respond to ‘protein’ in a bacteria, or to a tag from a antibody
engulfs bacteria etc, becomes a phagosome - some lysosymes or reactive O2, dumped into phagosome “digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the throat (sore throat) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pushed out when needed, are used to transfer DNA between cells - help develop and share DNA changes, such as resistance to an invader, antibiotic, or immune response that attacks it |
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Term
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Definition
| Protection, selective barrier and selective permeability |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mini DNA strands, in the cytoplasm, A circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA. Plasmids are most often found in bacteria and are used in recombinant DNA research to transfer genes between cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Viremia, by ingestion
If persistent, virus can enter CNS, with high affinity for nerve cells of the upper spinal cord which leads to destruction of motor cells and paralysis
99% of those exposed are asymptomatic or sore throat and nausea |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of various enzymes, such as DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, or reverse transcriptase, that catalyze the formation of polynucleotides of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of DNA or RNA as a template. |
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Term
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Definition
Giardiasis Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium hominis |
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Term
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Definition
Gram-negative, aerobic rod
Pseudomonas aeruginosa-
Produces various exotoxins |
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Term
| RESERVOIRS, living or inanimate |
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Definition
| Reservoirs (bacterial), living or inanimate (fomite) object; human; animal (zoonoses); non-living (dirt); environment favorable to store, carry or grow bacteria or virus |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of RNA using an existing strand of RNA as a template. |
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Term
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Definition
RNA virus with no proof reading capability
Mutant strains develop rapidly |
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Term
| Relationship between antigens and antibodies |
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Definition
| Antigens (antagonist) start the process, antibodies (hero) finish it (if all works well) |
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Term
| Requirements for microbial growth |
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Definition
Physical, chemical
Physical requirements, T, pH, P
Temperature (range for optimal growth)
pH (range for optimal growth, storage)
\Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 and 6
Acidophiles grow in acidic environments
Osmotic pressure (balance for nutrients flow) |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of protein synthesis (more if very active) |
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Term
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Definition
Toxic inflammatory condition (in the blood)
Systemic inflammatory response
Caused by a focus of infection that releases inflammatory mediators (cytokines) into the blood stream |
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Term
| SKIN (1ST Line, describe) |
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Definition
| 1st line of defense: skin cells; Mast cells; dendritic cells (phagocytes); interstitial fluid; capillary/endothelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs randomly or occasionally |
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Term
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Definition
Gram Neg, Facultative anaerobe
Infection: Endotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
Salmonellosis
Gram Negative, facultative anaerobe
Infection: Endotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
| Typhoid: gram negative, facultative anaerobes, rods |
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Term
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Definition
| Killing harmful microbes without damaging the host |
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Term
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Definition
| Sepsis and uncontrollable decreased blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent pathogens or their toxins in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Sepsis with decreased blood pressure and single organ failure |
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Term
| Shapes and arrangements of bacteria (3) |
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Definition
Cocci - spherical
streptococcus - chains of cocci
staphylococcus - clusters or grapes - of cocci
bacillus - rod, may be cigar or straw shaped
streptobacillus - chains of rod-shaped bacteria
staphylobacillus - clusters of bacilli
spirillum - longer rods, that may twist
vibrio - portions of the spiral, like a ‘comma’
spirochetes - longer chain of spirillum, or ‘corkscrew’ |
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Term
| Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) |
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Definition
Shigella spp (sonnei-mild, dystenteriae-severe)
Infection: Endotoxin and Shiga exotoxin
Bacteria proliferate in small intestine and are taken up by M cells in the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Provides structure:
Hold everything up (structure); C, H, O; nonpolar; insoluble in water
Fats, triglycerides, contain alcohol called glycerol + fatty acids
Glycerol; 3 C + 3 OH -
long chains
1 molecule of glycerol + 1-3 fatty acid molecules
mono-, di- or tri- glyceride
variety of lipid structures
FX: form plasma membranes that enclose cells
allows stuff to pass through
Story - Simple lipids are not limp; they provide structure to the cell, and keep everything from dissolving; 3+3; chain to +1, +2, or +3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycocalyx is very loosely organized (still sticky) |
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Term
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Definition
spirillum - longer twisted shape,
vibrio - portions of the spiral, like a ‘comma’
spirochetes - longer chain of spirillum, or ‘corkscrew’ |
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Term
| Spongiform Encephalopathies |
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Definition
Caused by prions, Typical diseases
Sheep scrapie
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Kuru
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Chronic and fatal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Staphylococcal Food Poisoning |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus; Enterotoxin Cytotoxic protein exotoxin that targets the intestines, kill cells by altering the membrane permeability of the mucosal epithelial cells of the intestinal wall |
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Term
| Staphylococcal Skin Infections |
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Definition
Staphylococcus epidermidis (90%)
Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters or grapes - of cocci |
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Term
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Definition
Gram-positive, salt-tolerant bacteria, resistant to drying
Staphylococci
Micrococci
Diphtheroids |
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Term
| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
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Definition
(90%)
Gram-positive cocci, coagulase-negative
Only pathogenic when skin barrier is broken |
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Term
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Definition
| Chains of rod-shaped bacteria |
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Term
| Streptococcal Pharyngitis |
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Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes is the only member of group A streptococci
Resistant to phagocytosis
Scarlet fever: Erythrogenic (reddening) toxin produced by lysogenized S. pyogenes |
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Term
| Streptococcal Skin Infections |
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Definition
a variety of toxins and enzymes
Hemolysins lyse almost any type of cell
The type of hemolysin categorizes the strep into alpha-, beta-, and gamma-(non)hemolytic |
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Term
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Definition
Gram positive cocci, Tooth decay
Bacteria bind to thin film of proteins from saliva and produce dextran from sucrose
Also produce lactic acid from sugar fermentation
Dental plaque = bacteria and dextran
Lactic acid breaks down enamel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cause of Bacterial Meningitis (3/3)
Gram-positive, capsulated diplococcus |
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Term
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Definition
Encapsulated diplococci
Diagnosis: optochin-inhibition test or bile solubility test;
serological typing of bacteria
Prevention: pneumococcal vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes (most important)
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
M proteins-helps strep to evade chemotaxis and killing by neutrophils, and helps the bacteria to adhere to mucous membranes. Determine immunologic types
Hyaluronic acid-forms capsules, poorly immunogenic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cytotoxic for red blood cells, tissue cells, leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle of acute to chronic - odd term for the 'middle'. |
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Term
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis |
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Definition
Alpha-hemolytic streptococci from mouth
Tooth extractions release bacteria that infect the endocardium
Bacteria lodge in pre-existing lesions resulting from previous disease or abnormalities of the heart
Are protected by blood clots that form around the infection
Heart valve function is eventually impaired, fatal in months |
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Term
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Definition
| The overgrowth of some bacteria in the normal microbiota allowing them to become opportunistic pathogens. Results from the use of a broad spectrum antibiotic which kills the competing bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
T-helper cells
ALARM of the immune system; 2nd check on B Cell immunity
cell mediated response, mature in Thymus
receptor on T-helper cell binds to specific MHC II (Antigen Presenting Cell Matches)
at some point, the genes for the receptor align with the specific antigen; activates Th.
Dendritic cells are the best at activating the “Naive” Th, (never been touched)
begins to copy, some are effector Th cells; some memory (similar to B Cells)
Releases cytokines (flying squad) (polypeptides - raise the alarm - so that other cells can ‘get in gear’) - can also warn the specific B Cell to replicate more/faster
amplifies the Humoral response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe. enters via deep wounds
Symptoms are caused by Tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin
Released from dead cells
Enters CNS through peripheral nerves or blood,
blocks relaxation pathway in muscles |
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Term
Tetracycline
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
Antibiotic that interferes with attachment of tRNA to ribosomes
Prevents attachment of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
Streptococci mutans Gram positive cocci
Bacteria bind to thin film of proteins from saliva and produce dextran from sucrose
Also produce lactic acid from sugar fermentation
Dental plaque = bacteria and dextran
Lactic acid breaks down enamel |
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Term
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Definition
| Unzips, creates mRNA, mRNA, AU-CG, copies, The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ribosome, mRNA - tRNA transfers, converts to proteins (building blocks of proteins are amino Acids); creates a copy, spellchecks, edits, and then produces the DNA strand (ends up with original + one copy). The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Spread of disease by insect; mechanical (on the body); biological (through a bite) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Important “last line” against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus
VRE-vancomycin-resistant enterococci
Opportunistic gram-positive pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
Cholera: slightly curved rod (vibrio), Gram Negative , single polar flagellum
Grow in small intestine, secrete exotoxin
Toxin causes host cells to secrete electrolytes, and water
Loss of fluids causes shock, collapse, and death
Form biofilms and colonize aquatic organisms; Can become dormant in unfavorable conditions; Exceptionally sensitive to stomach acids; Rehydration therapy is highly effective |
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Term
| Viral Diseases of the Skin |
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Definition
Chickenpox- Varicella-zoster virus (human herpesvirus 3)
Human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2)
Measles (Rubeola)
Rubella (German Measles) |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength, or number of bacteria required to affect the body and cause disease. A few microbes that cause disease quickly would be very virulent. |
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Definition
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