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| sum total of all chemical reactions in a biological system |
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| chemical reactions often organized into metabolic pathways |
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| release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple molecules |
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| consume energy to build complex molecules from simple molecules |
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| the capacity to cause change or do work |
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energy associated with motion
Ex) heat |
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energy stored by matter as a result of its location or structure
Ex) chemical energy |
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
energy can be transferred and tranformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
principle of conservation of energy |
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| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
energy transformations increase the disorder of the universe
usefulness of energy changes |
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energy available to do work in a system
ΔG - change in free energy, tells us whether a reaction occurs spontaneously |
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-ΔG: spontaneous, occurs on its own without extra energy added
+ΔG: not spontaneous, have to add energy for it to occur |
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| ΔG = G(final) - G(initial) |
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Definition
free energy is a measure of stability
high G = less stable
low G = more stable
spontaneous when there is a loss of free energy |
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Energy out!
-ΔG - spontaneous |
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Energy in!
+ΔG - non-spontaneous |
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| using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic process |
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Adensoine Triphosphate - energy currency of life
Structure: ADP + phosphate group |
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+ H2O to ATP which results in:
Phosphate group + ADP + energy
exergonic |
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Term
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Definition
transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule
generateds a reacted phosphorylated intermediate |
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ADP + P = ATP (endergonic reaction, energy from cellular respiration)
ATP + H2O = ADP & P (exergonic, energy for cellular work) |
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| speed up chemical reactions, are catalysts |
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| chemical agents that speed up a reaction without being consumed by a reaction |
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Definition
initial amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
must be overcome for reaction to proceed |
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| the reactant on which an enzyme works |
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| the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds |
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reaction catalyzed by enzyme is very specific
specificity is based on the compatible fit between the active site and the substrate |
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Term
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| binding of substrate causes slight change in enzyme's shape |
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enzymes lower activation energy by:
orienting substrates
strain substrate bonds
participate in reaction |
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Definition
give help to enzymes, affect enzyme activity
Cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic group |
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chemicals that selectively inhibit the activity of enzymes
irreversible, reversible, competitive, noncompetitive |
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| when a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule/group to a separate site |
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| the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway by inhibiting an ezyme in the pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| multienzyme complexes, membrane localization, organelle localization |
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