Term
|
Definition
The driving force bringing about a change or result in a system that would not have otherwise changed
The ability to work (the ability to transfer energy) |
|
|
Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Total energy remains the same, after work has been done (or a chemical reaction has taken place)
No energy is lost; only transformed |
|
|
Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
In energy transformation, some energy is always dispersed and degraded to a less usable form
No energy transformation can be 100% efficient
Energy cannot ever be reused at the same level
Energy transfer - hotter objects give up heat to cooler objects spontaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the degree of dispersion or disorder in a system
entropy will always increase in the universe as a whole - you can reduce entropy and maintain order somewhere, but somewhere else it will be increased |
|
|
Term
| Temperature of a planet depends on... |
|
Definition
Luminosity of the sun
Distance from the sun (zone of habitability)
Albedo
Presence of an atmosphere
Composition of atmosphere
Objects between the plant & sun
Orbital features |
|
|
Term
| Distance of Earth from Sun |
|
Definition
| 152 000 000 km - 147 000 000 km average 149 600 000 km |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-70 degrees C to +55 degrees C
Average of 16 degrees C on the surface |
|
|
Term
| Age of the planet / life on the planet |
|
Definition
| 4600 million years / 3500 million years |
|
|
Term
| Composition of the earth by mass |
|
Definition
Iron 34.6%
Oxygen 29.5%
Silicon 15.2%
Magnesium12.7%
Nickel 2.4%
Sulphur 1.9%
Titanium 0.05% |
|
|
Term
Energy is measured in ...
Power is measured in ...
Electrical energy is measured in... |
|
Definition
Joules
Watts (Joules per second)
kWh (kilowatt hours - 3.6 000 000 joules) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Available or usable energy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy tends to move spontaneously from areas of greater energy to areas of less energy unless there is a barrier
Hotter objects give up heat to cooler ones.
(Second law of thermodynamics) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Short wavelength UV, X and gamma rays create ions; a charged atom/molecule through gain/loss of electrons
Damaging to biological molecules |
|
|
Term
| Absorption/reflection of EM radiation depends on.... |
|
Definition
Albedo
Angle of EM radiation
Shape of object |
|
|
Term
| EM radiation interacts with objects by being.... |
|
Definition
Absorbed
Transmitted
Reflected
but it cannot change an object |
|
|
Term
| EM waves are most effective when... |
|
Definition
| They hit an object at 90 degrees |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Total energy arriving from the sun |
|
|
Term
| Insolation varies with... |
|
Definition
Time of day - greatest at midday
Latitude - greatest at equator
Season - greatest in summer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
23.5 degrees N
23.5 degrees S
..of the equator |
|
|
Term
| Climactic zones are caused by... |
|
Definition
| uneven receipt of solar radiation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tilt of the earth
Eccentricity of orbit makes southern hemisphere seasons more extreme |
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Term
|
Definition
| Closest point in the earth's orbit to the sun |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Furthest point in the earth's orbit to the sun |
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|
Term
|
Definition
The longest day of the year (in summer)
The shortest day of the year (in winter)
(Applies outside the tropics) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
When hours in the day = hours in the night
The Earth's told is neither inclined away nor towards the Sun |
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Term
|
Definition
Something to be studied, around which there is a boundary
Consists of subsystems/components |
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Term
|
Definition
| No components to the system cross the boundary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things can go in and out of the system; crossing its boundaries |
|
|
Term
| Earth - closed or open system? |
|
Definition
Open system in terms of energy
Closed in terms of matter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication in a system to maintain stability/homeostasis/constant internal condition |
|
|
Term
| Feedback regulation process |
|
Definition
Detector detects variance from equilibrium
Signals to Effector
Effector brings about change
System indicates detector |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The enhancing or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process which gives rise to it |
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Term
|
Definition
Diminution of an effect by a system's own influence on the process giving rise to it
Where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action - to try and maintain equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Climate change as negative feedback |
|
Definition
Increase in average temperature through increase in CO2
Ice melts
Reduction of albedo
Increase in average temperature |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Collection of gases around a planet |
|
|
Term
| 5 advantages of our atmosphere |
|
Definition
Oxygen
Pressure
Radiation protection
Temperature regulation
Shield against meteors |
|
|
Term
| Composition of the atmosphere |
|
Definition
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon 0.09%
Carbon Dioxide 0.037% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The attractive force between two bodies in the universe with mass.
Directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total amount of matter of on object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of mass on the surface of the Earth; mass with Earth's gravity acting upon it |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere |
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|
Term
|
Definition
The point at which the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding it
Boiling occurs when vapour pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapour to form inside the bulk of the liquid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules located near the liquid's edge, not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side, escape into the surroundings as vapor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance goes from a solid to a gaseous state without first becoming a liquid |
|
|
Term
| EMR: relationship between wavelength and energy |
|
Definition
Wavelength is inversely proportional to energy
Short wavelengths = higher energy
Hot objects emit shorter wavelengths |
|
|
Term
| Wavelength of visible light |
|
Definition
| 400 - 700 nanometres 10^-9 |
|
|
Term
| Temperature on the surface of the moon |
|
Definition
~120 degrees celsius in the sun
~ -140 degrees celsius in the shade |
|
|
Term
| Why is the temperature on the surface of the moon so extreme? |
|
Definition
Lack of an atmosphere to regulate temperature
Lack of oceans to regulate temperature
13-14 days of continuous day/night |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A measure of an objects reflectivity of EM radiation
1 = perfect reflector
0 = perfect black body absorber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Earth's temperature 16 degrees rather than -18 as expected? |
|
Definition
Atmosphere presence and composition
Regulating temperature
Natural greenhouse effect
Oceans regulating temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that allow short wavelength radiation from the sun to pass through and heat the Earth's surface
2. The gases absorb longer wavelength radiation - thermal infrared - emitted from the Earth
3. This heat is then re-radiated by the gases in all directions, heating up the lower atmosphere and the Earth's surface
Examples: H2O, CFCs, Methane and CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Solar radiation largely at frequencies of visible light pass through the atmosphere and heat the Earth
2. Earth radiates at the lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation
3. Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-radiate much of the energy to the surface and lower atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Life is a process that distinguishes living things from dead and inanimate things.
The process occurs in living things manifested by the requirement of energy from the external environment, the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, expulsion of waste products, and continual change preceding death |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of life (12) |
|
Definition
Metabolism (continuous, heat generating chemical processes)
Continuous expenditure of energy
Information storage and retrieval (nucleic acids)
Organised exchange of materials with the external environment
Propagation/spread/replication/reproduction
Adaptation (evolution)/ Responsiveness to the environment
Death
Alteration of external conditions to make more favourable Carbon-based macro-molecules
Internal organisation (compartmentalisation) which requries continuous energy to be maintained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Living organisms
Dead organisms
Products of biogenic origin
Inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
| Schrodinger, life & second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
Living matter avoids the decay into equilibrium; they postpone the trend toward increasing entropy (the spread out of energy increases)
Death is submission of the body to the entropy of the universe
Living things resist entropy through the process of taking in energy for activities and expelling waste byproducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Life as we know it is based on carbon.
Complex molecules are made up of carbon, bonded with other elements, especially oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of atoms in a molecule with characteristic functions/structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large compounds of identical or nearly identical repeating subunits (monomers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process of making polymers by eliminating a water molecule
(Hydroxyl from one monomer, hydrogen from another)
Dehydration synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reaction breaking apart polymers by introducing a water molecule |
|
|
Term
| Chemical composition of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical composition of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ignition source + carbon-based fuel + oxygen e.g. fire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process where organisms obtain energy from organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbon containing fuel (usually glucose) + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and energy
(an exergonic reaction - releases energy)
All living things perform respiration all the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process of combining molecules with oxygen usually exergonic (releases energy)
Oxygen breaks the C-H bonds to make CO2 and H2O
e.g. respiration and combustion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A biochemical process performed by the green parts of plants
Happens at the same time as respiration
Only happens when there is light
Plants obtain glucose from the process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Saccharides. Molecular compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Components of other molecules e.g. DNA, RNA, glycolipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simple sugars; small carbohydrate molecules
formed in a condensation reaction between two monosaccarides (releasing water)
Most sugars in nature are disaccharides
e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simple sugars; small carbohydrates
(CH2O)n (n=3-7)
e.g. glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large carbohydrate molecules
Characterised by length, extent of branching, folding, straightness or coiling
e.g. glycogen, starch and cellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C6H12O6
Hexose (six carbons) monosaccharide
Most important fuel to human cells
Soluble
Energy is released in respiration/metabolisation of glucose
C6H12O6 + 6xO2 -> 6CO2 + H2O + energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrogen is 'up', hydroxyl is 'down' on carbon atom #1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydroxyl is 'up', hydrogen is 'down' on carbon atom #1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbon monosaccharide containing 3 carbons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbon monosaccharide containing 5 carbons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbon monosaccharide containing 6 carbons |
|
|
Term
| Aerobic respiration/ metabolism of glucose |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6xO2 -> 6CO2 + H2O + energy |
|
|
Term
| Numbering of carbon atoms in carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| Starts on the right, going clockwise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formation of proteins from amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starch is a polymer of .... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starch is produced in/from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compact storage of glucose |
|
|
Term
| Starch bonds are formed.... |
|
Definition
Between carbon atom 1 and carbon atom 4 of alpha glucose monomers, by an oxygen atom
Hydrogen from one end plus hydroxyl from the other, form water as a by-product |
|
|
Term
| By-product of condensation reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-4 bonds (amylose) some 1-6 bonds (amylopectin; starch with branches) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amylose (all 1-4 bonds) and amylopectin (some 1-6 bonds)
Amylopectin is insoluble, amylose is partially soluble |
|
|
Term
| Is starch soluble in water? |
|
Definition
Amylose is partially soluble
Amylopectin is insoluble (has branches; 1-6 bonds) |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen is a polymer of ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has 1,4 and 1-6 bonds (oxygen between the carbons)
has many side branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the storage carbohydrate of animals |
|
|
Term
| Difference between glycogen and starch |
|
Definition
Glycogen is amylopectin (has side branches), as is one form of starch, however, glycogen side branches are much closer together
Starch is found in plants
Glycogen is found in animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Beta glucose polymer
Most common organic molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell walls
Plant fibre and wood (50% of wood; other material is lignin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of cellulose |
|
Definition
Strength - due straight bondings between monomers and hydrogen bonding between chains
Not hydrolysed easily
Insoluble and indigestible to humans |
|
|
Term
| Digestibility of cellulose |
|
Definition
Indigestible to humans and most animals
Herbivores require an enzyme called cellulase and microbes in the stomach to digest it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symbiosis - two organisms of different species in a mutually beneficial relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C6H12O6
A monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same chemical formula, different structure/arrangement of atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C12H22O11
alpha glucose + alpha fructose
isomer of lactose
disaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C12H22O11
alpha glucose + beta galactose
isomer of sucrose
disaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polymers of amino acids containing C H O N S |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (-COOH) and an amino (-NH2) group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
e.g. Carboxylic acid on the end of an amino acid molecule
COOH molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NH2
on one end of an amino acid molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Variable group
On an amino acid, there can be 20 group combinations which give each amino acid different characteristics, contains sulphur
Can be charged or repelling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bond between two amino acids
Formed by a condensation reaction (water is removed)
Carboxylic acid joins with an amino group with by product of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two amino acid molecules joined together by a peptide bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three amino acid molecules joined together by a peptide bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amino group (NH2) positive charge
Carboxyl group (COOH) negative charge
Central carbon atom
R group (variable; containing sulphur) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Due to charged nature of the molecules
If two groups contain sulphur, they can form a sulphide bridge/link
Ionic bonds can form due (+ve charge attracts a -ve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Structural (connective tissues, cell membranes, keratin)
2. Enzymes (biological catalysts)
3. Transport (haemoglobin to carry oxygen)
4. Movement (actin and myosin in muscle)
5. Immune system (antibodies; immunoglobulins, are proteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
Lock and key 'fit' of enzymes with substrates
A specific enzyme is designed to fit only the substrates in the reaction that the enzyme is meant to control
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances that accelerate chemical reactions (reducing the energy barrier) but which remain unchanged or unused in the process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme has a specific shape to 'hold onto' the specific substrate it is working on and convert it into a product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The molecule an enzyme is 'working on' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The end molecule(s) that result from an enzyme working on the substrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The active part of the enzyme where the reactions take place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polypeptides/proteins can be denatured by pH and temperature; changing its shape When proteins are denatured, they lose their normal shape/configuration and cannot perform their normal function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fats/oils, fatlike substances and some vitamins and steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primarily energy sources and structural compounds |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of lipids (2) |
|
Definition
1 Hydrophobic/ insoluble
2 Large number of bonded hydrogens (more energy stored because more hydrogen - carbon bonds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triglycerides (fats and oils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fat and oils - three fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule
Fatty acids:
- saturated
- unsaturated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long hydrocarbon chains with terminal carboxyl group (COOH)
Saturated fatty acids - no double bonds between carbons
Unsaturated fatty acids - double bonds between carbons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no double bonds between carbons of a long hydrocarbon chain with terminal carboxyl group (COOH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double bonds between carbon atoms in the carbon chain (fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at the end COOH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids (e.g. butter = solid at room temperature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. oil = liquid at room temperature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Another group of major lipids
Two fatty acids attached to a phosphate group
Phosphate heads are hydrophilic (water soluble)
Phosphate tais are hydrophobic (water insoluble)
Therefore they spontaneously form a lipid bi-layer
These form biological membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made up of:
1. Phosphate group PO4
2. 5 carbon sugar called ribose (or deoxyribose)
3. Nitrogenous base (ring structure containing C & N) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metabolic functions in cells:
1. Coenzymes are molecules that facilitate enzymatic reactions
2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - universal energy carrying molecule
3. Nucleic acid monomers |
|
|
Term
| Examples of nucleic acids |
|
Definition
DNA (deoxyribonucleaic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid - the molecule which stores the genetic information passed on from parent to offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribonucleic acid - serves as the translator of the genetic information contained in DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lock and key 'fit' of enzymes with substrates
A specific enzyme is designed to fit only the substrates in the reaction that the enzyme is meant to control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The region of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbon has an ability to form four chemical bonds with other elements at the same time.
It has 4 valence electrons - 4 electrons in the outer shell that enables this bonding
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The number of electrons in the outer shell enabling bonds to form with other atoms
Carbon has 4, oxygen has 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long chains of carbon atoms, also bonding with hydrogen around the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where the sun is perceived to be directly overhead (in zenith)
Where the sun's rays are hitting the planet exactly perpendicular to the surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Southernmost latitude where the sun can be directly overhead
23degrees 26' south of the equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Northernmost latitude where the sun can be directly overhead
23 degrees 26' north |
|
|
Term
| Subsolar point max/min latitudes |
|
Definition
| Tropic of Capricorn (south) and Cancer (north) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the sub solar point is on the Tropic of Cancer |
|
|
Term
| March and September equinoxes |
|
Definition
| When the sub solar point is on the equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the sub solar point is on the Tropic of Capricorn |
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|
