Term
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Definition
| unwritten law but accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| criminal law reflects the conflicts of interest of groups and that the more powerful groups define the law |
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Term
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Definition
criminal law originates in the will of the majority
consensus on norms (formal norms are laws) |
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Term
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Definition
crime is defined by abstract meaning and symbols and is a label assigned by society.
powerful impose values on society
prohibition reaffirmed morality |
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Term
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Definition
establish order and peace
sanctions are punitive (punished for crimes against society)
standard of proof (beyond reasonable doubt) |
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Definition
| social organization and social structures organized pattern social groups |
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Definition
variables statistically related
does A influence B?
A. education B. income |
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Term
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Definition
social control
maintaining social order
deter crime
define relationships
discourage revenge
help society adapt
express public opinion
equity
punishment |
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Definition
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Definition
| how substantive laws are applied how you can get confessions (no torture) |
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Definition
defines and determines rights (protects property)
sanctions usually compensatory
standard of proof (evidence) |
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Definition
| wrong in themselves (murder) |
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Definition
| wrong because prohibited (drugs) |
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Term
| principles of criminal law |
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Definition
unjustifiable act or omission occurred
statute prohibiting act exists (previous law exists)
causation (acts set in motion. police shooting burglar end up shooting someone else. burglar responsible) |
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Term
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Definition
entrapment
self defense
necessity
duress (someone forces you to commit a crime)
immaturity (excused if under 7)
mistake (degree of ignorance)
intoxication (slipped a drug then committed a crime)
insanity (when you're not crazy you get out. then regular prison but avoids death penalty) |
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Term
| main difficulties in measuring crime |
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Definition
much crime unreported
police decide if a crime occurred
bias
people can lie |
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Term
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Definition
| 1930 FBI nationwide voluntary reports. index crimes. part II offenses. rater per 100,000. |
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Term
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Definition
national crime victimization survey
randomly selected people. |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on prevalence (ever) or incidence (amount)
targets kids or prisoners for study |
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Definition
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Definition
| US is run by rich "the man" |
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Term
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Definition
index crimes:
Aggravated assault
forcible rape
murder
robbery
arson
burglary
larceny-theft
motor vehicle theft |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
crime
# (scale,<>, trends up or down) |
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Definition
violent 1.2 million
property 9.06 million
1 year: violent -3.8 prop -.5
5 year: violent -15.4 prop -8.3
10 year: violent -15.5 prop -13.3 |
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Term
patterns
geographic
social: sex, age, race, class |
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Definition
geographical: international US average violent and property crimes (high homicide)
regions in the US (south highest violent and property crimes)
community size (large population higher crime rate)
social: sex (males crime rate much higher)
Age: 82% are under 25 years old
race: af. amer. 13% population/ 28% arrested
whites 69% pop/69% arrested
indian double arrest/population
asian 6% pop/1.2 arrested
-class (poor more guilty)
instrumental crimes (necessity) |
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Term
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Definition
who is victimized? 5.8 mill viol. 14.8 prop.
1 year: violent up 12% prop up 11%
10 year: viol down 22% prop down 8% |
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Term
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Definition
victim is different
source of plight |
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Term
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Definition
offender blaming
system blaming |
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Term
| levels of shared responsibility |
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Definition
complete innocence
facilitation (victim made it easier)
precipitation (didn't walk away,kept fighting,ended up being killed)
provocation (victim more responsible than the offender)
total complicity (offenders pose as victims) |
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Term
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Definition
economic (property, medical costs)
psychological & emotional
indirect suffering (family)
cycle of violence (victims grow up to commit crimes)
fear of crime
level differs (structural factors where you live)
consequences |
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Term
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Definition
revictimized by criminal justice system (answer questions, relive the victimization)
lose work to come to court
lawyers embarrass victims |
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Term
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Definition
support for victims
victim impact statement (chance to speak about it for harsher punishment)
victim-offender reconciliation (juveniles) |
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Term
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Definition
offender offsets loss
part of punishment (community service) |
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Term
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Definition
| private insurance and the state |
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Term
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Definition
| victim-offender reconciliation (juveniles) |
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