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| all living organisms are made up of cells, the cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, all cells come from pre-existing cells |
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| Common features of all cells |
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| Plasma membrane, cytosol and cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes, energy and nutrient acquisition, cells are small |
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| outer boundary of the cell |
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| semifluid aqueous solution |
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everything between plasma membrane and DNA
Cytosol + suspended particles + organelles |
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particles made entirely of RNA and protein
NOT organelles |
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Smaller cells are much more efficient
Upper limit: set by surface area to volume ratio
Lower limit: set by basic requirements for life |
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Surface area to volume ratio
SA = PM
V = Cytoplasm
as cell gets bigger, SA:V decreases
V increases faster than SA |
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| using microscopes by magnifying cells |
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use visible to see cell
less detail but can see entire cell, larger structures inside and how it changes over time |
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SEM and TEM
a lot more detail and see smaller structures, but have to kill and preserve cells |
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separation and isolation of cellular contents
use centrifuge |
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Domain bacteria and archea
DNA not bound by nucleus
Do not contain membrane-bound organelles
Do have ribosomes |
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| 1 single, circular chromosome found in nucleoid region |
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| Specialized internal membranes |
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Definition
internal organization lacks complex compartmentalization
Extensions of the plasma membrane, have specialized functions |
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| maintains cell shape, provides physical protection |
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| Sticky polysaccharide or protein structure that covers cell wall, helps in protection and helps cell stick to surfaces |
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Definition
stick out from cell wall and capsule, function in attachment
fimbriae, pili |
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| Pure protein, have a motor built into plasma membrane and cell wall which causes rotation and motility |
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Definition
larger, true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
Two types:
animal cells, plant cells |
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| chloroplasts, cell wall, large vacuoles |
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store and use genetic information
nucleus and ribosomes |
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Definition
Houses the genes in eukaryotic cells
DNA organized into linear chromosomes
Structure: enclosed by nuclear envelope, perforated nuclear pores, lined by nuclear lamina |
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| double memebrane (4 layers of phospholipids) that encloses the nucleus |
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| passageways through nuclear envelope, regulate entry and exit |
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| lines nuclear side of envelope, maintains shape of nucleus |
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| site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly |
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| DNA + protein that make up chromosomes |
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'particles' of rRNA and proteins that use information from DNA to build polypeptides
made of two subunits |
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floating in cytosol
make cytosolic proteins and proteins for non-EMS organelles |
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Definition
Attached to ER or NE
make secreted proteins, membrane proteins, and proteins for EMS organelles |
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Definition
Functions: production, distribution and breakdown of biomolecules
Structures: Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Plasma Membrane |
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Definition
Extends from NE to PM
Structure: cisternae, lumen |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
no attached ribosomes
Functions: synthesis of lipids, makes phospholipds and steroids, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium storage, detoxification |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
attached ribosomes
Functions: protein synthesis, glycoprotein synthesis, membrane production |
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Definition
the cell's receiving and shipping center
Structure: cisternae, polar
Cisface - receive vesicles from ER
Transface - shipping face, puts products into new vesicles
Functions: modifies, stores and ships products of RER, makes and ships certain macromolecules |
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animal cells
Structure: membranous sacs, contain hydrolytic enzymes, acidic
Functions: digestive compartments |
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| Membrane-bound compartments with diverse functions |
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plant cells
Functions: storage, disposal, contain pigments, protection, hold water |
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| Energy-Transforming Organelles |
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Definition
convert energy from one form to another
Mitochondria, chloroplasts |
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site of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
Two memebranes: outer (smooth), inner (cisternae)
Two compartments: intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix
Contain DNA and Ribosomes |
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site of photosynthesis in plant cells
contain chlorophyll (found in thylakoids)
Three compartments: intermembrane space, stroma (where good stuff occurs), thylakoid space |
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| specialized membrane-bound metabolic compartments that serve many different functions |
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network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Functions: Support, movement, regulation
Structure: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
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Structure: thick, hollow tubes made of tubulin
Function: cell shape, vesicle and organelle movement |
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Structure: thin, solid rods made of actin
Functions: cell shape, cell crawling, muscle contraction |
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Structure: ropelike fibers
Functions: support cell shape, fix organelles in place |
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Structure: cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide and protein matrix
Function: protection, maintenance of shape, strength |
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Structure: composed of glycoproteins in a matrix of proteoglycans, attached to cells
Function: support, adhesion, movement, regulation of cell behavior |
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| direct contact between cells, cell communication, adhesion |
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| press together membranes of neighboring cells, form a seal |
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| connect cytoskeletons of neighboring cells, fasten cells together |
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| protein-lined channels between adjacent cells |
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