Term
| What does the "infidelity gene" (AVPR 1a) do in your body? |
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Definition
| Controls the transport of a hormone from the blood to the brain. The mutant allele produces less of the transport protein, which means that less of the hormone reaches the brain. The hormone involved strengthens the pair bond, which means that less of the hormone could mean a weaker pair bond. |
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Term
| List the four major features of life |
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Definition
| metabolism, inheritance and reproduction, evolution, and diversity. |
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Term
| How do atoms bond to make molecules? |
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Definition
| In order to form a molecule the outermost shell of electrons in an atom shares or transfers those electrons to another atom. The result is a chemical bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| A different version of the same gene. |
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Term
| What are enzymes, and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Proteins that make it easier for a reaction to occur. |
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Term
| What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction involves a single parent; Sexual reproduction occurs when an egg cell from the mother fuses with a sperm cell from the father to form a zygote. |
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Term
| List two reasons why children vary genetically from their parents. |
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Definition
| Sexual reproduction (they have two parents) and mutation. Sexual reproduction mixes two different sources of genetic information together. |
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Term
| What did Darwin mean by "descent with modification"? Is descent with modification an observable fact of nature? |
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Definition
| Individuals that are better at surviving and reproducing will leave descendants that share those traits. Over time those advantageous traits will become more common in a population. Descent with modification can be observed in nature, one example would be the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. |
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Term
| Briefly describe how natural selection works. |
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Definition
| Natural selection is the mechanism by which Darwin’s descent with modification occurs. Conditions in the environment of a species determine which characteristics are most advantageous for survival and reproduction. Those organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to leave offspring which share those advantageous characteristics. Over time the frequency of those characteristics increases. |
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Term
| What are the seven levels in the Linnaean system of classification? How is this classification system used to define scientific names? |
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Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Scientific names always consist of the genus and species names. They are always italicized or underlined and only the genus name is capitalized. (A handy way to remember the order is the first letter mnemonic: Kitty, Please Come Out For Goodness Sakes.) |
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Term
| What causes did Semmelweis think could be responsible for the spread of childbed fever when he first began to pursue possibilities? |
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Definition
| Semmelweis initially investigated miasma, delivery method, or treatment of patients when he began determining the cause of childbed fever. None of his initial hypotheses were supported by the data. |
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Term
| What was Semmelweis's evidence for his cadaverous particle hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Semmelweis’ evidence for his cadaverous particle hypothesis was that women who delivered under medical care where the individual performing the care and previously that day had done an autopsy on a woman who died of childbed fever were far more likely to contract childbed fever. Further evidence was provided by an experiment which showed that hand sanitization prior to examining women in childbirth dramatically decreased the number of cases of childbed fever. |
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Term
| What are the major steps in the scientific method? |
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Definition
| Observations and facts, hypotheses and predictions, hypothesis testing, and evaluation and interpretation of results. |
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Term
| What is the relationship (or difference) between a hypothesis and a prediction? |
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Definition
| A hypothesis, an explanation of a specific phenomenon, is used to make a prediction about a similar phenomenon. |
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Term
| What is a controlled experiment? |
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Definition
| A controlled experiment occurs when scientists keep all possible factors that could affect an investigation the same except for the factor under investigation. |
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Term
| List two reasons why a scientist might repeat an experiment. |
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Definition
| To ensure that the events being examined are consistent and repeatable and to allow for self-correction. |
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Term
| What are the differences between a hypothesis and a theory? |
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Definition
| A hypothesis is a narrow explanation of a specific phenomenon. The explanation is tentative and may even be untested. A theory, on the other hand, explains a wide variety of phenomena and has been well-tested over a long period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A philosophical idea that holds that effects in the natural world have natural not supernatural causes. |
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Term
| What are three main features of science that help to distinguish science from other forms of knowledge? |
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Definition
| Its reliance on empirical evidence, testability of explanations, and generality. |
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Term
| What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is inductive reasoning? |
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Definition
| The process of building general truths from specific observations. |
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Term
| What is NOT true of pseudoscience? |
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Definition
| Pseudoscience does not rely on the collection of empirical evidence through controlled experiments |
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Term
| What is quackery? Describe an example of quackery that you have seen advertised in the media. |
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Definition
| Quackery is a form of pseudoscience that advocates the purchase and use of remedies for which there is no evidence or even plausible reasoning showing that the remedies are effective. *Magnetic bracelets for pain or depression.* |
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Term
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Definition
| The realization that all living organisms are made of cells. |
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Term
| The principal function the nucleus is to |
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Definition
| control the center of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for energy extraction from food molecules |
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Term
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Production of cell structure proteins |
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Term
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Synthesizes fats and other lipids and contains enzymes necessary for detoxification |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins acquire final structure and are packaged for shipment inside and outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Digests waste materials and worn-out organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls movement of nutrients and waste materials |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Help determine cell shape and important in cell movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Are strong, strengthen cells and play a role in connecting cells together |
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Term
| What protects the egg from being fertilized by sperm of another species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main events of the first two months of human development? |
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Definition
| cleavage, implantation, gastrulation, neurulation and all major organ systems have begun formation. |
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Term
| What are the main events of the fetal development, and when does each occur? |
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Definition
| Refining of the organ systems and growth. The skeleton is visible by month 4, the fetal heartbeat and movement are detectible in the 5th month, the eyes open during months 6 and 7, is primarily growth and lung development. |
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Term
| How is labor triggered by the fetus? |
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Definition
| When a fetus is ready to be born, it will secrete surfactant, which causes certain fetal cells to migrate to the uterus, where they will secrete a chemical signal that causes the uterus to contract. |
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Term
| Describe the three stages of labor and delivery. |
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Definition
| Stage 1, where the fetus is pushed down near the cervix by contractions and the amnion breaks, stage 2 where contractions become faster and stronger and the baby is delivered and stage 3 where the placenta is delivered. |
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Term
| Describe the difference between the formation of fraternal and identical twins. |
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Definition
| Identical twins form from single fertilized egg, which splits into two embryos sometime during very early development; fraternal twins arise when the mother secretes two eggs, and each egg is fertilized by a separate sperm. |
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Term
| Why is there a greater risk of conjoined twins forming if twins separate later than nine days after conception? |
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Definition
| Implantation. If twins separate after implantation the likelihood that they will incompletely separate or rejoin is higher due to proximity of the embryos. |
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Term
| What are two ideas regarding how conjoined twins form? |
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Definition
| Incomplete separation or embryo fusion. |
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