Term
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Definition
a state of emotional arousal which may be experienced as a diffuse fear; in Freud's theory, the result of a struggle between an impulse and an inhibition; definition changed by consciousness, physiological arousal, and disruptions of cognition
---people use defense mechanisms to deal with anxiety |
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Term
| changed definition of anxiety by new psychodynamic theorists |
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Definition
1) a conscious feeling of fear/danger wo/ability to identify threat
2)a pattern of physiological arousal and bodily distress (cardiovascualr, respiratory, gastrointestinal)
3)a disruption or disorginzation of effective problem solving techniques and cognitive control |
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Term
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Definition
the effort to avoid painful through
--controvery over the mechanisms underlying it: does it involve repression? |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when one voluntary and consciously withholds a reponse or turns attention away from something
---conscious process |
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Term
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Definition
according to psychoanalytic theory, an unconscious defense mechanisms through which unacceptable (ego-threatening) material is kept from awareness; the repressed motives, ideas, conflicts, and memories continue to influence behavior
---unconscious process |
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Term
| experimentation on repression |
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Definition
experimentation of cognitive avoidane of negative and positive words.
Found that people forgot negative words more often. But these negative words were not a threat to the ego, and therefore it was not "repression."
---Later research: if threat to ego (cause) is removed, repressed material should surface-->debate over results |
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Term
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Definition
unconscious repression mechanisms that screen and block threatening visual and auditory inputs
--clinical reports seen in some cases of hysteria and massive repression |
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Term
| Experimentation on perceptual defense |
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Definition
clinical studies are inconclusive because it is unethical to manipulate.
Scientists used a tachistoscope to flash threatening or neutral words at different speeds. Measured repression by speed at which they recognize neutral and threatening stimuli. Study showed longer times to recognize threatening emotional stimuli. This can also be interpreted as the person being embarassed by recognizing threatening stimuli. Psychoanalysts believed one cannot isolate a function like a repression outside of the total psyche |
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Term
| the repressed memory debate |
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Definition
| skeptics see repressed memory as a biased theoretical perspective w/opportunities for damage to the client, issue has become public debate such as the issue of false memories in claims of childhood abuse and trauma |
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Term
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Definition
memories of events that never actually occured; people may have been creating false memories in claims of childhood abuse through suggestion rather than having true repressed memories move into the conscious; memories are subject to suggestion; can be strengthened by a therapist who believes that problems stem from childhood trauma
---overskepticism can lead to people who experienced real trauma to be afraid of coming foward |
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Term
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Definition
a dimension of differences in defensive patterns of perception, ranging from avoiding the anxiety-arousing stimuli to approaching them more readily and being extra-vigilant or supersensitized
---in spite of disagreement about the concepts and the role of repression, there is now agreement that people use a mechanism of mentally distracting themselves from awareness of threatening and negative thoughts or emotions |
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Term
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Definition
repressors and sensitizers exhibit different attentional patterns for the positive self-enhancing information v. negative, threatening information about themselves
--- |
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Term
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Definition
people who describe themselves as having few problems or difficulties and who do not report themselves as highly sensitive to everyday stress and anxieties; listed themselves as having few problems
---sensitive to criticism, did not attend to negativity
--emotional blunting for everyday information (not massive repression) may be an actual sign of mental health (distracting self) |
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Term
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Definition
individuals who are highly sensitive to everyday stress and anxiety; report many problems about their lives of self-reports;
--attended to negative information; more negative self-description
--technically more mentally healthy as they are not repressing. True? |
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Term
| blunting v. monitoring styles |
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Definition
| people differ considerably in their tendency to blunt (distract themselves) and to monitor (be alert to) danger signals |
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Term
| the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS) |
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Definition
measure of monitor-blunting coping tendencies; 4 hypothetical stress-evoking scenes of an uncontrollable nature followed by ways of coping --blunting or monitoring
-Do you want more info or to distract yourself? |
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Term
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Definition
| a cognitive coping mechanism or style of information processing in which people attend to anxiety-arousing stimuli, often in the hope of controlling them |
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Term
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Definition
| ignoring anxiety-arousing stimuli as a means of coping with them; a style of information processing designed for dealing with stress |
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Term
| Role of Control in Monitoring v. Blunting experimentation |
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Definition
with ability to control aspect of a situation, people are more likely to use monitor coping system.
It is also important to match possibility to person's own style: In providing medical information, patients did better when what info they were given (extensive or minimal with a distraction) matched what they normally preferred. |
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Term
| personality assessment in psychodynamic theory objective |
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Definition
| uncover disguises and defenses to read the symbolic meaning of behaviors and to find unconscious motives that underlie actions |
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Term
| merit of a psychodynamic clinician criteria |
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Definition
1)evidence supprting techniques
2)value of clinical judgment itself
---clinicians judgment is based on intuition and experience than on objective tests |
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Term
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Definition
| tests (such as the Rorscharch or TAT) that present the individual with material open to a wide variety of interpretations based on the belief that responses reveal important aspects of the respondant's personality; central in psychodynamic assessment; no evidence that it reflects unconscious mental states |
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Term
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Definition
| projective test consisting of 10 symmetrical inkblots to which the person describes his or her reactions, starting what each blot looks like or might be; scored on location, physical aspects, shape, color, shading and movement comments |
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Term
| Thematic apperception test (TAT) |
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Definition
| projective test consisting of a set of ambiguous pictures about which the person is being tested is asked to make up an interesting story; developed by Harvard Personologists; look at recurring themes |
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Term
| Murray and Harvard Personologists method of studying lives in depth |
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Definition
| used TAT and other methods to study lives in depth over time as personology. Interpret the data clincically by pooling opinions and making interpretations--> model for clinical inference |
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Term
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Definition
Selection of US spies helped by personologists who used the same general strategy of studying lives in depth but short term. They developed a situational test to choose people which consisted of participants are observed performing a task within a lifelike situation; the Harvard personologists used stressful, lifelike tasks under extremely difficult situations;
---used their performance to make clinical inferences about each person's underlying personality
--raised questions about personality dynamics which required an explanation about the absis of the personality trends ought to be explored |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure in which participants are observed performing a task within a lifelike situation; the Harvard personologists used stressful, lifelike tasks under extremely difficult situations to assess OSS candidates and used their performance to make clinical inferences about each person's underlying personality |
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Term
| psychodynamic treatment and change |
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Definition
| several weekly meeting, treatment is based on the premise of neurotic conflict and anxiety as the result of repressed impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy in which the patient is instructed to report whatever comes to mind, no matter how irrational it may seem; used to uncover unconscious and lift repression |
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Term
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Definition
a mehod used in psychoanalysis to better understand the unconscious fears and desires of the patient through analysis of the patient's dream;
ego defense mechanisms are relaxed in sleep but still operate--> interpretation is necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanaylsis, the patient's response to the therapist as thought the therapist were a parent or some other important figure from childhood; considered and essential aspect of psychoanalytic therapy; therapist must create atmospherer of safety |
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Term
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Definition
| process that occurs in psychoanalytic therapy when they patient, in the context of the transference relationships, re-examine his or her basic problems until their emotional roots are understood and learns to handle them more appropriately |
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Term
| relational therapy (object relations therapy) |
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Definition
a therapeutic process that emphasizes the role of early, current, and analyst-patient relationships in the development and resolution of personality problems
---distincitve from traditional psychoanalysis in three ways
(1) sees history of these problems in early relationships (especially mother)
(2) sees their expression in current relationships
(3) treats them by focusing on interpersonal relationships
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client and therapist face eachother |
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Term
| Person-situation Interaction model |
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Definition
| the idea that individual differences in behavior are reflected in the way each person responds to a particular situation and that the way a particular situation and that the way a particular situation will affect behavior depends on the individual; stable patters emerge when the individual's behavior is measures in relation to its situational context |
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Term
| Experimentation of PersonXSituation model |
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Definition
repressors are more likely to be attentive to emotional details. Three factors differentiate when people exhibit repression in a situation
(1) posess increased sensitivity to both positive and negative emotions
(2)situational information must threaten self concept
(3)situation must provide opportunity to distract or ditance self from threatening information\
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Without these situational aspects, repressors and sensitizers react the same |
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Term
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Definition
| experiences that abruptly and severely disrupt a person's life; Freud believed this to be the origin of neurosis |
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Term
| Research on Freud's theory of trauma |
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Definition
research has both supported and modified Freud's theory
----Agreement with Freud: trauma can change person's view or belief about themselves and the world, dissociative reaciotns may occur to keep threat outside full awareness, splitt off from current experience; treatment is aimed at integrating experience and mange paingul reactions through cognitive restructuring |
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Term
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Definition
therapeutic techniques aimed at learning to think about on'e problems more constructively and less irrationally; Albert Elli's rational emotive therapy is a form of cognitive restructuring. Three steps
(1) acknowledge trauma
(2) reinterpet memories
(3)more meaningful perspective w/less self blame |
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Term
| Global clinical assessment strategy |
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Definition
| personality interpreted from projective measures, the clinician's inferences, and a prediction of person's future behavior |
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