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Introduction to Islam
138 Terms for first exam for Introduction to Islam-UIUC
123
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 3
10/07/2010

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Term
Hagar and Ishamael
Definition
Hagar is Sarah's servant who Abraham sleeps with and the child is Ishmael. Hagar and Ishmael wander into the desert and supposedly are the beginning of life in arabia.
Term
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Definition
Most people are polytheistic. People live in tribes and clans. Muhammad's clan (Quraysh) controls Mecca, a significant city for trade and the pagan pilgrimage.
Term
Sarah and Isaac
Definition
Sarah and Isaac become the Jews and then the Christians. Hagar and Ishmael become the Arabs.
Term
Wilhelm Schmidt
Definition
Proposed a theory of religious evolution where monotheism is first and then moves into various beliefs
Term
Jahiliyya
Definition
Literally barbarism. This is how islamic historians describe pre-islamic arabia.
Term
Asabiyya
Definition
Literally us-ness. The idea that clans and tribes would protect their own, so you didn't fuck with someone under penalty of their whole tribe/clan coming after you.
Term
Tribal System (Shaykh)
Definition
Tribe consisted of equals with the Shaykh being the first among equals.
Term
Allah
Definition
God. Pre-islamic polytheists believed Allah created the world then relaxed and didnt interact with humanity. Other gods interacted with humans instead.
Term
Ka'ba
Definition
Shrine in Mecca. Supposedly established by Abraham. Filled with pagan idols before Muhammad took over Mecca. Site of pilgrimage before Islam came about and after Islam came about.
Term
Quraysh
Definition
Muhammad's tribe. Ruled by Muhammad's uncle until Year of Sadness. Rulers of Mecca. Protected Muhammad until his uncle's death (asabiyya)
Term
Sira
Definition
Biography of Muhammad
Term
Muhammad
Definition
Man not God. Prophet, and messenger. Born in 570 CE. Married Khadijja (monogamous marriage). Disregarded pagan belief prior to revelations. Known as the "trustworthy one"
Term
Abu Talib
Definition
Muhammad's uncle who raised and protected Muhammad. Debate about whether he converted to Islam. Shaykh of the Quraysh clan
Term
Khadija
Definition
Muhammad's first wife. Reassured him of his sanity after he received the first revelations. Older than Muhammad. Wealthy. Arguably the first convert to Islam
Term
Hanifs
Definition
Monotheists who draw from abraham but are not Jewish, Christian or Muslim. Muhammad was a Hanif before receiving the revelations
Term
Qur'an
Definition
The literal word of God, as related through the prophet Muhammad. Poetic. 3 major themes: Tawhid-affirming oneness of God. Prophethood-every civilization has received a prophet and Muhammad is the final prophet. REctification and hereafter-importance of faith and salvific prospects
Term
Tawhid versus Shirk
Definition
Tawhid is affirming the oneness of God. Shirk is denying this, perhaps saying there are other gods
Term
Abu Bakr
Definition
Muhammad's close friend. The First caliph. First male convert to Islam. Caliphate is disregarded by shi'ites. Sunnni muslims do not have a problem with Abu Bakr being the first caliph
Term
Ali
Definition
Muhammad's son in law. 4th caliph. Shi'ites believe Ali should have been the 1st caliph
Term
Sumayya
Definition
First muslim martyr (woman).
Term
Bilal
Definition
Slave from Abyssinia who becomes an important follower of Muhammad
Term
Hijra to Abyssinia
Definition
Muslims were being attacked so Muhammad sent them to Abyssinia to be protected by the christian king. Muhammad himself was alright because he had protection from asabiyya
Term
Umar
Definition
2nd caliph. Powerful man in Mecca. First did not agree with Muhammad and caused trouble but then converted and became a significant figure in early Islam
Term
Year of Sadness
Definition
Muhammad's wife Khadija and his uncle Abu Talib die in the same year. Muhammad no longer is protected under asabiyya, as his uncle is dead and the successor does not want to protect Muhammad
Term
Abu Lahab
Definition
Succeeds Abu Talib as Shaykh of Quraysh tribe. Doesn't protect Muhammad leading to the great Hijra or the second hijra
Term
The Night Journey
Definition
Muhammad is taken to Jerusalem by the Angel Gabriel and then taken into heaven where he sees Adam, Abraham, Moses, Joseph, Jesus, John the Baptist and God himself
Term
Hijra to Yathrib (Medina)
Definition
THE Hijra. Occurs because Muhammad is no longer protected by his clan in Mecca. Yathrib becomes Medina. Muhammad is appointed as arbiter to solve the conflict occurring in Yathrib. Muslim calendar is based on this event. BH (before hijra) and AH (after Hijra)
Term
Umma
Definition
When Muhammad arives in Medina everuyone bands together to form the Umma (community)
Term
Covenant of Medina
Definition
Muhammad comes into Medina and unites people who had been fighting
Term
A'isha
Definition
Wife of Muhammad (when polygamous). Abu Bakr's daughter. Muhammad's jealous and favorite wife. Married at a young age
Term
Qibla
Definition
the direction of prayer (towards Mecca)
Term
Battle of Badr
Definition
2AH. First major battle after Muhammad moves to Medina. Victory for Muhammad
Term
Battle of Uhud
Definition
3AH. Second major battle after Muhammad moves to Medina. Meccans seek revenger for the Battle of Badr. Muhammad is thought to be dead
Term
BAttle of the Ditch
Definition
Siege of Medina. Medinans dig ditches and the Meccans are unable to advance
Term
Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy
Definition
Leader of the hypocrites. Medinan
Term
Treaty of Hudaybiyya
Definition
6AH. No fighting for 10 years, muslims pilgrimage next year, new alliances can be formed, medinans can return to Mecca but Meccans cannot defect and join Muhammad in Medina
Term
Year of Delegations
Definition
Arab tribes begin to come to Muhammad to join and convert to Islam
Term
Farewell Hajj
Definition
Only Hajj Muhammad takes after Medinans conquer Mecca. Muhammad's final Hajj. Muhammad gives his final sermon
Term
Ghadir Khumm
Definition
Place where Muhammad gives his final sermon. Muhammad proclaims whoever is loyal to me should be loyal to Ali
Term
Mushaf
Definition
printed version of the Qur'an
Term
Sura
Definition
chapter of hte QUr'an
Term
Shahada
Definition
declaration of faith. There is no God but God and Muhammad is his messenger
Term
Kufr versus Iman
Definition
Iman is faith in God. Kufr is disbelief in God
Term
People of the Book
Definition
Jews and Christians
Term
Meccan versus Medinan suras
Definition
Meccan suras are BH. About 80. RElatively poetic and brief. Not a lot of legal guidance. Medinan suras are AH. about 22. Lengthy and prosaic with legal injunctions
Term
Tafsir
Definition
exegesis, or commentary on the Qur'an
Term
Occasions of Revelation
Definition
Establishing the context of the Qur'anic revelation. Form of exegesis
Term
Tajwid
Definition
Proper recitation of the Qur'an. Makes the Qur'an beautiful
Term
5 Pillars of Islam
Definition
Declaration of faith. Daily prayer. yearly alms tax. Fasting in Ramadan. Pilgrimage to mecca (greater and lesser)
Term
5/6 Pillars of Faith
Definition
God/one God. Prophts. Angels. The revealed books. Day of judgement and afterlife. Divine decree and power
Term
Adhan
Definition
Call to prayer
Term
Islamic Holidays
Definition
Eid al-Fitr immediatly follows Ramadan. Eid al-adha coincides with Hajj
Term
Shi'ite
Definition
Sect of Islam believing Ali should have been first caliph. 12th caliph. Responsibility of Imam is to preserve the integrity of Islam
Term
Sunni
Definition
Sect of Islam believing it is the responsibility of the community
Term
Musaylama the Liar
Definition
False prophet. Saw Muhammad getting a following and wanted to get some love too
Term
ridda Wars
Definition
fought over people not paying the alms tax (zakah)
Term
Zakah
Definition
the alms tax. Roughly equivalent to 2.5%
Term
Jizya
Definition
tax of non-muslims by muslim controlled states
Term
Uthman ibn Affan
Definition
3rd Caliph. Meccan aristocracy. Chaos then assassination then more chaos
Term
Caliph
Definition
Successor of Muhammad/representative of Muhammad.
Term
Imam
Definition
For shi'a islam the imam is tasked with keeping the integrity of the religion intact. Pretty much a religious leader
Term
1st fitna
Definition
A'isha and others battle Ali (first battle). Ali versus Muawiya (second battle)
Term
Kharijites
Definition
first Islamic extremist group. tried to assassinate both Ali and Mu'awiya but only succeeded with Ali
Term
Righteous Caliphs
Definition
first 4 caliphs
Term
Mu'awiya
Definition
from Syria. Claimed to be 4th caliph instead of Ali. When Ali is killed Mu'awiya becomes 5th caliph
Term
Umayyads
Definition
(661-750). Arab aristocracy (started as Quraysh). Not good (morally). Built dome of the rock in jerusalem
Term
Al-Hasan
Definition
Ali's son. A martyr. First Shi'a Imam
Term
Al-Husayn
Definition
Al-Hasan's brother. 2nd Shi'ite Imam
Term
2nd fitna
Definition
begins with al-Husayn's murder. Umayyads win
Term
3rd fitna
Definition
the Abbasid revolution. End of the Umayyads
Term
Abbasids
Definition
(750-1258) Move capitol to Baghdad. Official schism between Sunnis and Shi'ites. 1st 2 centuries were golden age for islamic thought
Term
Sultan
Definition
Buyid ruler once they took power (but not legitimacy) from the Abbasids
Term
Madrasa
Definition
Islamic school. Formalized in the golden age
Term
Shari'a
Definition
Law. 2 forms. Law as God would want it. Islamic law in general (the institution)
Term
Fiqh
Definition
Human attempt to arrive at God's law
Term
Sunna
Definition
Determined by Hadiths. Source for Islamic law
Term
Hadith
Definition
something Muhammad said, did, or tacitly approved
Term
Bukhari
Definition
Scholar who created a collection of Hadiths about 200 years after the death of Muhammad
Term
Madhhab
Definition
Muslim school fo Law (like a school fo thought not a specific school). 5 classical madhhabs-Hanifi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali, and Zahiri ( no longer accepted)
Term
Al-Shafi'i
Definition
Starts hadith revolution. Starts school of religious law thought based on hadiths
Term
Malik
Definition
taught al-shafi'i. Started a madhhab
Term
Concensus (ijma)
Definition
Muhammad says his community will never agree on an error so consensus within the islamic community is powerful. Understood to be the islamic scholarly community not just everyone
Term
Analogy (Qiyas)
Definition
Deductive analogy by which hadiths are analyzed to figure out the answers to new problems that arise that are not explicitly covered in the Quran or Surra (such as piracy)
Term
Taqlid
Definition
following he precedents of the past (scholarly legal precedents)
Term
Ijtihad
Definition
struggle to arrive at new precedents (legal)
Term
Fatwa
Definition
a scholar arrives at a non-binding, yet legitimizing (legal) opinion
Term
Objectives of Shari'a
Definition
establish laws that are in God's interest
Term
Arguments for God's existence
Definition
Cosmological argument (first cause/first causer) important to Muslim scholars in the middle ages
Term
Kalam
Definition
Islamic philosophical discipline of seeking theological principles through dialectic
Term
Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Definition
founder of Hanbali school of fiqh
Term
Al-Kindi
Definition
introduced Greek and hellenistic philosophy to the muslim world
Term
Al-Farabi
Definition
expert in many ares (872-950). Great islamic philosopher of his time
Term
Ibn Sina (avicenna)
Definition
expert in many areas (980-1037)
Term
Al-Ghazali
Definition
one of the most celebrated Sunni scholars of all time (1058-1111)
Term
Ibn Rashd (averroes)
Definition
polymath. Master of aristotelean philosophy (1126-1198)
Term
Salvation
Definition
Inclusivism, exclusivism and pluralism
Term
Ahl al-Bayt
Definition
family of the prophet Muhammad
Term
Zaydis
Definition
Sect of shi'a. Opposed to pacifism. Imam is not divinely appointed. Closest sect of shi'ism to Sunnism. Concentrated in Yemen. 5ers
Term
Isma'ilis
Definition
7ers. Imam is divine emination. Influenced by greek philosophy. Aga Khan is the living imam (49th)
Term
Fatimids
Definition
Major Isma'ilis dynasty
Term
Al-Hakim and the Druze
Definition
Isma'ili scholar. Druze believe al-Hakim is a divine emination
Term
Da'wa
Definition
preaching of Islam
Term
Aga Khan
Definition
Living Imam of Isma'ilis
Term
Imamis
Definition
12ers. Largest sect of shi'ism. Imam is infallible. Extremists, delegators and showstoppers. Most are between delegators and show stoppers. 12th imam will return at the end of days
Term
Infallible Imam
Definition
view of Imamis
Term
Hidden Imam
Definition
11th Imam went into hiding and will return at the end of days
Term
Lesser Occultation
Definition
11th Imam has emissaries who bring his rulings back to the people
Term
Greater Occultation
Definition
all the time from the end of the lesser occultation when the emissaries to the 11th imam die until today
Term
Velayt-e-Faqih
Definition
the islamic jurists will collectively represent the hidden Imam
Term
Sufi
Definition
mystical sect of Islam
Term
Hasan al-Basri
Definition
opposed inherited caliphate of hte Umayyads. Believed in free will. Held in high regard by Sufis
Term
Rabi'a Adawiyya
Definition
female Sufi saint. Important early Sufi poet. Introduced the idea of divine love
Term
Al-Hallaj
Definition
Sufi known for poetry. Executed by Abbasid caliphate on the grounds that he was a heretic
Term
Al-Suhrawardi
Definition
started Sufi order of Suhrawardiyya
Term
Jalaluddin Rumi
Definition
13th Century sufi mystic
Term
Ibn al-arabi
Definition
Maliki. Student of Al-ghazali. Forced to migrate to morocco
Term
Ibn Taymiyyah
Definition
Hanbali. Sought to return Islam to Qur'an and sunna
Term
Tariqah
Definition
means way, path, or method. Islamic religious order in sufism. Islamic law leads to mystical path
Term
Shaykh
Definition
Elder in a tribe. First among equals
Term
Murid
Definition
person committed to teaching sufism
Term
Silsila
Definition
geneology
Term
Haqiqa
Definition
stage of sufism. Higher level of consciousness that precedes final stage (marifa)
Term
Dhikr
Definition
islamic devotional act involving the names of allah
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