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| complete set of genetic instructions for any organism encoded in either DNA or RNA |
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| encompasses basic principles of genetics and how traits are inherited |
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| study of the chemical nature of genetic information, & how it is encoded, replicated, and expressed |
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| study of genetic composition of populations & how a population's collective group of genes changes with time |
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Used often for genetic studies because it has characteristics that make it easy to genetically analyze
- short generation time (time for a cell population to double)
- many offspring but manageable numbers
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time for a cell population to double
time it takes to complete the cell cycle |
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| early concept of heredity → particles carry genetic information from different parts of the body to the reproductive organs where it is transferred to the gametes |
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| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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early concept of inheritence → traits acquired across the lifetime of the parent are passed to offspring
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| early concept of inheritence → a miniature adult (homunculus) is in either the egg or the sperm & it increases in size during development - all traits come from the parent that contributes the homunculus |
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| early concept of heredity → offspring possess a mixture of traits from both parents |
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1. All life is composed of cells
2. Cells arise only form other cells
3. Cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms |
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| cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genenformation that is directly transferred to the gametestic i |
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| 3 Examples of the role of genetics in society today |
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1. Agriculture - increase prodution & decrease disease susceptibility
2. Pharmaceutical Industry - find new genes to target to prevent/cure disease
3. Medicine - improve diagnostics and treatment |
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| Give 4 ways in which genetics is important to each of us. |
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Influences:
1. physical features
2. susceptibility to many diseases
3. personality
4. intelligence |
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| What are some characteristics of model genetic organisms that make them useful in genetic studies? (4) |
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1. short generation time
2. many, but manageable numbers of offspring
3. adaptability to a laboratory environment
4. ability to be housed and bred inexpensively
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| How is germ-plasm theory different from pangenesis? |
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pangenesis and germ-plasm theory include that genetic information goes from reproductive organs to the gametes, but:
- germ-plasm says the reproductive organs hold all the genetic info that need be (directly) transferred to gametes
- pangenesis says genetic information comes from many body parts, arrives at the reproductive organs, and is then transferred to the gametes
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| Contrast preformationism with blending inheritance. |
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- preformationism: traits of an offspring are inherited from one parent depending on who contributed the homunculus
- blending inheritance: inherit traits from both parents
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| Give one sentence that outlines the relations between genes, DNA, and chromosomes. |
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| Genes are composed of DNA nucleotide sequences, and are located at specific positions in chromosomes. |
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| Compare and contrast pangenesis with germ-plasm theory. |
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Compare:
- both propose that genetic information is contained in distinct units that are passed on to offspring
Contrast:
- location of genetic information
- pangenesis: is in different parts of hte body and has to travel to the reproductive organs
- germ-plasm: is in the reproductive cells already
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| Compare and contrast the inheritance of acquired characteristics and our modern theory of heredity. |
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theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics: traits acquired in a person's lifetime alter the genetic mateiral and can be passed on to offspring
modern theory: offspring inherit genes located on chromosomes passed from their parents |
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