Term
| What did Wilhelm Roentgen discover on October* (actually it was November) 8, 1985 in the University of Wurzbug, Germany, and how did he discover it? |
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Definition
| Discovered x-rays accidentally while experimenting w/electricity. Won the nobel prize in 1901 |
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Term
| What is energy capable of penetrating matter and *removing orbital electrons* from atoms along its path? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 natural/background sources of ionizing radiation? |
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Definition
| cosmic radiation (sun) and radioactive substances in the earth |
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Term
| What are 3 man-made/artificial sources of radiation? |
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Definition
| medical & dental rays. radionuclides (nuclear medicine imaging). consumer products. |
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Term
| The following pts are at risk of what: early radiologists and technologists. radium watch-dial painters. uranium miners. atomic bomb survivers (wwII japan). chernobyl survivors. |
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Definition
| potential long-term effects of ionizing radiation |
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Term
| What are the somatic effects? |
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Definition
| Long-term (late) effects, develop in individual exposed to ionizing radiation |
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Term
| What are genetic effects? |
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Definition
| Long-term (late) effects of ionizing radiation manifested in subsequent generations due to genetic mutations |
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Term
| What are the 2 most common somatic effects of ionizing radiation? |
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Definition
| cataract formation. carcinogenesis. |
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Term
| What are the 3 most common genetic effects of ionizing radiation? |
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Definition
| mitotic death or delay. chromosome breakage. recessive mutations. |
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Term
| x-ray images are produced as the beam penetrates the anatomy and emerges toward what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of objects are low density, absorb little to no x-ray energy and appear dark in an x-ray? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of objects have higher density, absorb more x-ray energy, and appear lighter on an x-ray? |
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Definition
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Term
| Place the following materials in order from darkest to lightest appearance in an x-ray: water/pus/blood. metal. fat (soft tissue). air (gas). bone. |
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Definition
| air: black. fat (soft tissue): dark gray. water/pus/blood: gradients of gray. bone: very light gray. metal: white. |
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Term
| What term refers to contrast inherent in body tissues by virtue of density? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to *temporarily contrast* (increase subject contrast? |
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Definition
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Term
| A routine chest radiograph usually includes which views? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the CR (central ray) enter and exit anteriorly or posteriorly in AP vs PA views? |
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Definition
| the CR enters posterior, exits anterior in PA views. In AP views, the CR enters anterior and exits posterior. |
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Term
| How is the pt positioned in a lateral view? |
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Definition
| with the body 90 degrees to the IR |
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Term
| What is a position between an AP/PA and a lateral view on an x-ray? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many views are necessary to evaluate jts on an x-ray? |
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Definition
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Term
| Legally, a radiograph must have the pt name, date of examination, and anatomical marker "R" or "L" labeled how? |
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Definition
| image identification: info must be *permanently* exposed onto the image |
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Term
| What are the regulations for labeling the following information on x-rays: pt position, portable/mobile procedure, and arrows identifying site of impact? |
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Definition
| additional information: *helpful* but not required |
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Term
| What type of imaging technology involves the following: digital media used to capture and present images. higher resolution images. lower radiation doses than conventional films. convenient and faster. enhancement features via computer software. |
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Definition
| digital radiographic technology |
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Term
| How is the pt positioned for ap/pa projections on an x-ray? |
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Definition
| us std. view as if the pt is facing the viewer |
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Term
| How is the pt positioned for a lateral view on an x-ray? |
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Definition
| most common is to place the image as if being viewed from the vantage pt of the x-ray tube |
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Term
| How are upper and lower limbs positioned on an x-ray? |
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Definition
| viewed as projected by the beam onto the ir |
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Term
| How are digits placed with x-rays? |
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Definition
| placed with the digits up (hand and foot) |
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Term
| How are other limbs positioned on x-ray? |
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Definition
| viewed in anatomical position |
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Term
| What diagnostic imaging tool is a medical imaging modality utilizing *tomography* or sectioning? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the amt of ionizing radiation compare to that of conventional chest radiography? |
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Definition
| chest ct has over 500x ionizing radiation dose as a conventional chest radiography |
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Term
| What is necessary to acquire an MR Image? |
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Definition
| proton (H+), magnetic field, radiofrequency |
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Term
| What is a fourier transformation? |
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Definition
| MRI- computer system: analog to digital converter-digitizes the signal so it may be further processed. image processor- array processor which calculates fourier transformation |
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Term
| What are contraindications and hazards for which MRI pts must be screened? |
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Definition
| metal clips, pacemakers, implants, devices, claustrophobia, difficulty lying supine |
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Term
| What represents restoration of the *longitudinal* magnetization along the axis of the main magnetic field? |
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Definition
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Term
| What represents decay time of the magnetization in the *transverse* plane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Will fluid, edema, and inflammation be bright on t1 or t2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Will fat be bright on t1 or t2? |
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Definition
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Term
| is blood bright on t1 or t2? |
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Definition
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Term
| are tendons and ligaments black on t1 or t2? |
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Definition
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Term
| is cartilage bright on t1 or t2? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are mm visualized on mri? |
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Definition
| mm is intermediate in signal |
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Term
| On what imaging test can the thoracic aorta be visualized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of an MRA of the pelvis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The renal veins to below the iliac veins are to be included in what field of view? |
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Definition
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Term
| What technique will be initiated in the first pelvic measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| How will delayed venous filling be viewed in a pelvis mra? |
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Definition
| several measurements will be acquired to see delayed venous filling |
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Term
| Ultrasonography principles are based on what? |
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Definition
| echogenic signature related to substance's density |
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Term
| how is diagnostic imaging: nuclear medicine administered? |
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Definition
| intravenous and gaseous or aerosol administration |
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Term
| What involves a selective uptake of these compounds by various organs through various mechanisms, and involves active transport, phagocytosis, Ag-Ab rxn, etc? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is bone densitometry? |
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Definition
| a special imaging modality that uses various methods in assessing *one mineral density* |
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Term
| Why is bone densitometry usually performed? |
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Definition
| to determine the presence or risk of *osteoporosis* |
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Term
| What is essential in ensuring reliability of bmd results? |
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Definition
| it is essential to have sufficient soft tissue included to ensure reliablitiy of results |
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Term
| In bmd, measurements are compared with expected values for populations of what similar attributes? |
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Definition
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Term
| dxa (DEXA) bone density studies are considered the gold standard for what? |
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Definition
| dx osteoporosis and following changes in bone density over time |
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Term
| what does dexa stand for? |
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Definition
| dual energy x-ray absorptiometry |
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Term
| What does a T score between 0 and -1 indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a t score between -1 and -2 indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does a t score less than -2.5 indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| t and z scores are based on statistical units of standard deviation from average bmd score of what population? |
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Definition
| *young*, normal, sex-matched individuals with peak bone mass |
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Term
| z-scores supply a number of standard deviations below an average person of what age group? |
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Definition
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