Term
| All amino acids contain a.... |
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Definition
carboxyl group and an amino group linked by a carbon; an R group is attached to this carbon.
when the hydroxyl (OH) on the carboxylic acid and the H on the amino group combine to form water and permit the N of the amino group to form a covalent bond with the C of the carboxylic acid. |
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Term
| The peptide bond is the site... |
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Definition
| where amino acids are linked one to another in the chain. |
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Term
| the structure of a Phospholipids |
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Definition
constructed from glycerol. Glycerol is a three carbon chain; each carbon has one hydroxyl (OH) group attached to it.
Fatty acids (long chains of carbon) esterbond with the OH, creating water |
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Term
| The three-dimensional shape of the protein depends on a combination of |
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Definition
| he protein's primary structure and the position of the charged and uncharged R groups |
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Term
| bonding between the amino acids in the enzyme and those in the substrate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ligands bind to transmembrane proteins |
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Term
| The shape and function of integral membrane proteins is determined by |
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Definition
| the protein's primary structure, its R groups, and its consequent three-dimensional shape. |
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Term
| More __ ions insides and more __ outside |
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Definition
Potassium inside
Sodium outside |
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Definition
| containing a strand of DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid), some ribosomes, and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme compartmentalization and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
compartment that contains the DNA.
surrounded by a double membrane
inner membrane separates the contents of the nucleus
outer membrane is part of the membrane network in the cytoplasm known as the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
in the nucleus
a site within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed from DNA |
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Term
| three general types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in cells |
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Definition
| messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized forms of RNA and protein on which protein synthesis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm through nuclear pores |
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Term
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Definition
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ribsomes attached)
production of membrane proteins |
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Definition
| a complicated stack of membranes where protein processing takes place |
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Term
| Movement of membrane and proteins from the ER to the Golgi takes place in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
destination for vesicles from Golgi apparatus
ystem of membrane bound structures serves as a site of intracellular digestion
full of degradative enzymes and the interior of lysosomes is maintained at a low pH
digest proteins and sometimes whole bacteria that enter this organelle |
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Definition
| a process where Proteins that are to be secreted from the cell enter vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents into the extracellular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| contain two membranes and are the primary sites of energy production in cells |
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Term
| Energy is produced in the form of |
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
imposes some structure and organization to cells membrane bound structures
composed of microfilaments made of actin, and microtubules made of tubulin |
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Term
| The region between the organelles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
provide "tracks" along which vesicles are moved from one place to another inside cells
microfilaments made of actin
microtubules made of tubulin |
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Term
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Definition
provide sites where many of the microtubules in cells originate.
Microtubules attached to centrioles are important in cell division. |
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Term
| A characteristic of transmembrane proteins is that they are |
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Definition
| glycosylated, i.e., the portion of the protein on the extracellular face of the membrane is decorated with carbohydrates constructed from sugars. |
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