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Osteology, Paleopathology, Forensic and Primatology 

Somatic- any cell that is not a sperm or egg.

Gametes- sperm and egg cells- sex cells 

1. Powerhouse of cell
2. produces energy
3. has little DNA in it
4. exames ancestory
5. only inheried from your mother

Autosomes

and 1 pair of sex chromosomes 

What are the 2 different types of Genes?

And what do they mean? 

• Structural-   produces proteins responsible for physical traits. (ex skin cells, bone)

• Regulatory-  proteins that control timing of processes& development (ex growth)
  
  
  

1. Mitosis- Somatic (Everything but sex cells)
2. Meiosis- Gametes (sex cells) 

TRNA is like a plug

MRNA looks like a?

1. What is Phenotype? EX?
2. What is Genotype?  EX?

Phenotype- Physical expression of a trait (tall vs short)

Genotype- actual genetic makeup that codes for a specific trait.  (TT vs tt) 

1. roll your tongue
2. hitchikers thumb
3. Blood Type

Allele carried on an autosomel Chromosome

Does not tend to skip generations, no sex is left unharmed 

EX- widows peak 

Skips generations, most parents must be carriers of ressive allel, uneffected parents

EX- red hair 

Appear more in males

caused by carriers on alleles on the sex chromosome

EX- color blindness 

Single trait that is effected by many alleles at different areas on different chromosomes.

EX- Height- lots of genes in lots of different places. 

One set of allels that influence many different genes.

EX- 1 set of allels influences height, hair color and hitchhiker's thumb. 

1. Mutation
2. Gene Flow
3. Genetic Drift
4. Nartural Selection

What is Mutation, and what can cause it?

Molecular allteration in the genetic material, the DNA itself becomes changed.

Radiation- damages your DNA

Exposes to certain chemicals 

TRUE- mutated DNA has strands that have never been seen.

99% bad 

What are the 2 types of mutation?

1. Point mutation- happens in a specific point located within the DNA itself
2. Chromosomal Mutation
   

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Involves entire chromosome, takes place during nondisjunction- chromosomes don't split

What is Monosomy and Trisomy and what can it lead to?

Monosomy- 1 copy of a particular chromosome

Trisomy- 3 copies of a particular chromosome.

Both will lead to miscarrage 

1. reduce the amount of variation between populations
2. increase variation within population

• Turned to Bible for answers
• looked at genology in Bible
• Said Earth was created 4004 B.C.
• Did work in 1650

• Usher's student
• said Earth was created OCt. 3, 4004 at 9am.

Mitosis

46-somatic cells-92-dna replicates- 

46-two identicle daughter cells

Binomial nomenclature- naming of species

humans- Homo Sapiens 

consisted of the gene then the specie 

A slow steady uniform change that could explain why the Earth looks the way it does.

In order for this to be true the Earth has to be really old.

A naturalist who came up with the theory of inherentence of aquired characteristics.

Long necks girraffes 

Critters would change throughout their lives and their offspring would inherit their change.

EX- giraffes and their long necks 

Father of Paleotology

Came up with Theory of Catastrophism. 

The Theory of Uniformitarianism states what?

Would thought of it? 

1. Looked at geological record to determine the Earth'sage.
2. Charles Lyell

True or False:

Alfred Wallace was published Darwins theory with him.

Survival of those individuals make offspring with phenotypes that make a contribution in the gene pool, how pop can evolve

Reproduction of the fittest 

Selection that drives evolution, by slectiong for greater or lesser frequencies of a givin trait.

EX- bell curve giraffes necks 

Selection that maintains a certain phenotype, by selecting agaisnt the greater or lesser, its in teh middle.

EX- birth weight. 

Similarities based on common struture.

Ex- aposable thumbs and bone structure in primates and in humans 

Similarities based on a common function with no asumed evolutionary decent.

EX- wings 

Primitive/Ancestral trait is a triat like body hair that is unchanged from ancestorto child.

Derived trait like aposibal thumb is a trait that the animanl has developed through the years. 

Generalized traits are traits that many different purposes like the 5 digits in the hand.

Specialized traits traits only surve one purpose.  Human foot to walk. 

Method used to produce the framework of the tree.

1.  Groups animals on overall similarites, time is a factor used of the tree of evolutionary taxonmy

groups animals on tree only in derrived charcteristics.

Time is a not a componant,

not implied relationships of Ancestor and decendents.