Term
| what happens to osmotic pressure in the presence of urea/glycerol? |
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Definition
| nothing, they are highly permeable and will diffuse quickly through a membrane to reach equilibrium. therefore, they will general no osmotic pressure |
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Term
| how does chemotherapy immunity occur? |
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Definition
| membrane overexpression of facilitated transport proteins |
|
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Term
| how is facilitated transport different from non-facilitated |
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Definition
| facilitated can be saturated (maximal transport rate can be reached), it can be inhibited, and it can discriminate (ie D and L isomers) |
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Term
| besides Na and K, what else contributes to the intracellular electrochemical gradient and the charge |
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Definition
| negatively charged DNA and proteins |
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Term
| why does the movement of Na and K happen when the channel opens? |
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Definition
| because each ion is attempting make the membrane reach their respective nernst potentials |
|
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Term
| what end of a capillary has a higher conc of pores? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which capillaries do not have pores? |
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Definition
| cerebral capillaries so that they can have a blood brain barrier |
|
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Term
| where is capillary hydraulic pressure the highest? why? |
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Definition
| the arterial side because there are fewer pores and have stiffer vessel walls |
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Term
why does hydraulic pressure remain on the higher side in the renal glomerulus?
why does it remain low in the intestinal mucosa? |
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Definition
to allow for constant filtration
to allow for constant absorption
pressure can be regulated by contractibility of pre and post capillary arterioles |
|
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Term
| what are two effects of edema? |
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Definition
| there is increased fluid in the interstial space which increases interstitium hydraulic pressure and it increases the distance between the capillaries and the cells (decreased filtration) |
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Term
| which arterioles in the capillary bed flow into the glomerulus and which flow out? |
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Definition
| afferent arterioles flow in while efferents flow out |
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Term
| where does the majority of reabsorption take place? |
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Definition
| the proximal convoluted tubule |
|
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Term
| what happens if the afferent arterioles become restricted? |
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Definition
blood flow into the glomerulus will decrease and the hydraulic pressure will decrease, resulting in decreased filtration.
the opposite will happen if constriction happens at the efferent arterioles. pressure will build up inside the glomerulus and filtration will be increased
this is how the body can control filtration. in hemorhage, the body can complete shut down blood flow to kidneys, but then needs to worry about them becoming ischemic. |
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Term
| ADH and aldosterone effected while part of the renal tubules and what do they each do? |
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Definition
they affect the collecting duct.
aldosterone stimulates the uptake of sodium thus causing water reabsorption. ADH stimulates aquaporins in the kidney tubules allowing for the uptake of more water. |
|
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Term
| what is the renin-angiotensin system? |
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Definition
renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1 which is converted to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
angiotensin 2 is a strong hormone that acts on blood vessels to raise BP by taking up sodium in the proximal tubule. ACE inhibitors attempt to lower BP or keep it steady.
Renin may be activated by the glomerulus based on their proximity to each other |
|
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Term
|
Definition
¢Loop diuretics – most potent, used acutely to decrease load on heart
¢Thiazide diuretics – most common long-term blood pressure treatment
¢K+-sparing diuretics – retain more K+, avoid serious side-effect of low serum K+, may be used in conjunction with thiazide diuretic |
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Term
what is the potential of exosomes |
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Definition
they may release cell specific signalling payloads. The contents of exosomes have been reported to be translatable mRNA sequences, antigenic peptides, immunosuppressive contents (from some cancer cells and parasites)
If we can isolate contents better, we may be able to identify biomarkers that are specific to the cells which released the exosomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
some fully formed proteins destined for the nucleus will bind to a nuclear transport receptors which will interact with the nuclear pores to allow passage into nucleus (this is not bulk transport)
the energy for this is provided by GTP hydrolysis
mRNA leaves nucleus through similar pores |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize signal sequence on a fully formed protein. As it unfolds and passes through the membrane of an organelle through a protein transporter, the chaperone proteins will help it correctly refold |
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Term
|
Definition
| aggregates at PM (sometimes attached to adaptin which is attached to PM receptors). clatharin signals curvature. after it forms the vesicle, it is pinched off by dynamin. the vesicle will lose the surface protein coat resulting in a "naked vesicle" |
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Term
| vesicle to target organelle signalling |
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Definition
| vesicle has v-snares and target organelle has t-snares which interact |
|
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Term
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Definition
| hydrolyzes v and t snares in neurons so that the neurotransmitter containing vesicles can never release their payloads resulting in paralysis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a GTPase activated phospholipase |
|
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Term
| failure to breakdown contents of endosomes by lysosomes: |
|
Definition
disease will usually ensue.
salmonella, myco. tubeculosis, legionella, and chlamydiae all prevent phagosome fusion to lysosome
b. abortus and s. aureus produce catalase and superoxide dismutase which overwhelm the oxygen radicals in lysosomes
rickettsiae can brak out of phagosome and carry phospholipases which can digest other phagosomes and release their bacteria |
|
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Term
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Definition
| artifically manufactured vesicles that we intend to package drugs or other biological factors inside for therapeutic purposes |
|
|
Term
| what does COP vescicle do? |
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Definition
| it is a COAT PROTEIN vesicle and it mediates transfer between the ER and specific regions of the Golgi |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a calmoudulin dependent protein kinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug with a very narrow range before toxicity. this has to be a consideration when combining drugs bc one drug may lower the clearance rate of another drug and if that drug isn't cleared fast enough, toxicity can ensue |
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Term
| what will an acidic cell be secreting on it's apical layer? a basic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name three ways to decrease blood filtrations |
|
Definition
| edema, dehydration, constriction of afferent arterioles |
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