Term
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Definition
-The application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions
-allows one to overcome limited perspective and realize bigger problems in society |
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Term
| Questions that orient the discipline |
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Definition
1. social construction
2. social order
3. agency and structure (concerning free will and individualism)
4. social change |
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Term
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Definition
| an idea or practice that a group of people agree exists, maintained over time by people takings its existence for granted |
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Term
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Definition
created by:
-incentive
-norms-->socialization
-beliefs/values
-consequences-->coersion |
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Term
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Definition
| process of internalizing norms of one's culture |
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Term
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Definition
-how social orders change,
-compares how we live now to how we used to live |
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Term
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Definition
-free will vs. determinism
-use soc. imagination to see in many ways lives of ppl are determined by social roles, gender, race, and class
-individual does matter |
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Term
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Definition
-coined term "sociology"
-wanted to apply scientific method to study of human behavior and society
-i.e. study soc. scientifically |
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Term
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Definition
1. social facts
2. organic solidarity
3. social constraint
4. division of labor
5. anomie |
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Term
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Definition
| aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals |
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Term
Durkheim
2. organic solidarity |
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Definition
| social cohesion that results from the various parts of society functioning as an integrated whole |
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Term
Durkheim
3. social constraint |
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Definition
| the conditioning influence societies exert over their members |
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Term
Durkheim
4. division of labor |
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Definition
-the specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system
-ppl become more dependent on one another |
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Term
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Definition
| a feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life (associated with suicide) |
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Term
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Definition
1. industrial revolution
2. materialist conception of history
3. capitalist system
4. communism |
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Term
Marx
1. industrial revolution |
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Definition
| Marx sought to explain social changes arising from the Industrial Revolution |
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Term
Marx
2. materialist conception of history |
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Definition
| view according to which material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical change |
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Term
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Definition
-economic system based on private ownership of wealth, which is invested in order to produce profit
-workers do not own the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
-communal ownership
-more equal (Marx believes) |
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Term
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Definition
-interactions depend on economic relations
-modern society is built upon conflict
-capitalist system creates classes in a constant struggle
-in is in the best interest of the ruling class to exploit the working class
-in the best interest of the working class to rebel |
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Term
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Definition
1. role of ideas and values in social change
2. Protestant ethic and capitalism
3. bureaucracy
4. rationalization |
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Term
Weber
2. protestant ethic and capitalism |
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Definition
| proposes religious values were of fundamental importance in creating a capitalistic outlook (not just economic changed) |
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Term
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Definition
| large organization divided into jobs based on specific functions and staffed by officials ranked according to hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, come to dominate the social world |
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Term
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Definition
-Mead
-symbols and language core elements of all human interaction
-interaction is giving out and reading symbols
-criticized for being too small scale |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Durkheim & Merton
-perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform--that is the contributions they make to the continuity of society
-body analogy
-manifest = intended function
-latent = unintended function
(hopi tribe example)
-dysfunction = challenging existing social order |
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Term
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Definition
-society built upon conflict
-radical political change
-power relations
-coercion
-consent -->gramsci
-ideology, often reason given for using violence to maintain power |
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Term
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Definition
-links sociological theory and political reform
-highlight gender relations and inequality and how they function in social structures such as the family, the workplace, & edu system
-socially constructed women's subordinated |
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Term
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Definition
-Weber
-believe all humans behave rationally
-act in self-interest is BEST
-affect/emotion, habit, and toward higher values are less important |
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Term
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Definition
-criticizes linear progression of time
-pluralistic/diverse
-no "grand narrative" guiding its development
-constantly influx with technology |
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Term
| postmodern theory and Baudrillard |
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Definition
-empty chaotic world
-everything is a simulation
-lose touch with reality, what is real? |
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Term
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Definition
-empirical
-study of human behavior in contexts of face to face interaction |
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Term
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Definition
-study of large-scale social structures
-theoretical |
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Term
C. W. Mills
"The Promise" |
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Definition
-through soc. imagination, the individual can understand his own experience and gauge his own fate by locating himself within his period and knowing the people in his own circumstances
-the soc. imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two w/in society
-questions
-what is structure of soc?
-where does soc stand in history?
-what type of ppl live here? |
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Term
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Definition
| system of methods used to study sociology |
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Term
| steps of sociological research |
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Definition
1. define research problem
2. review literature/evidence
3. formulate hypothesis
4. select research design
-interview, survey, experiment
5. IRB = international review board
-enforces ethical guidelines
-informed consent forms
6. data gathering
7. data analysis
-coding: search for patterns
-statistical analysis: variables
8. report research findings
-books, journal, conference
9. raise questions for future research |
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Term
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Definition
-fieldwork done through participant observation or interviews
-advantages: generates rich and in-depth data
-disadvantages: can only be used to study small groups, cannot be generalized (only applies to that specific group), researcher can become too immersed in group and become biased, publishing can hurt the group being studied |
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Term
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Definition
-participant obs: sidewalk
-researcher becomes part of the
group being studied
-gain trust and observe behavior
in natural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| -try to understand their social reality |
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Term
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Definition
-questionnaires are sent or administered directly to a select group of people (population)
-advantages:efficient collection of data on large numbers of ppl, info can be generalized to the population as a whole, precise comparison of survey answers
-disadvantages: may have superficial results (if ppl lie, mis-respond, don't respond), important differences may be glossed over if survey is too standardized |
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Term
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Definition
| target group, or the group you are studying and surveying |
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Term
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Definition
| a small proportion of a larger population (when to $$ to survey whole pop) |
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Term
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Definition
| sampling method in which a sample is chosen so that every member of the pop has the same probability of being chosen |
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Term
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Definition
| start with several ppl and ask them to direct you to ppl in the same group |
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Term
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Definition
| a small proportion of the overall group or population being studied |
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Term
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Definition
questions that allow somewhat expanded answers, respondents can use their own words
(may be more difficult to compare statistically, but provide more detailed information) |
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Term
| standardized or fixed choice surveys |
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Definition
| only a fixed range of responses possible to choose from (yes, no, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| a trial run in survey research in which just a few ppl participate |
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Term
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Definition
-advantages: influence of specific variables can be controlled by the researcher, easy for repetition in the future
-disadvantages: many aspects of social life cannot be brought into laboratory, responses of the studied may be affected by the fact that they know they are in an experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| receives some special attention based on the researcher's theory |
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Term
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Definition
| does not receive the attention that the experimental groups receive so that they can be used as a base for comparison |
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Term
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Definition
| research that compares one set of findings on one society with the same types of findings on other societies |
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Term
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Definition
-function of one variable on to another
-i.e. one variable is the causes the effect on another |
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Term
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Definition
| mutual relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| average, # halfway in range of #'s, most repeated |
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Term
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Definition
-about the nature of prisons
-students randomly assigned to either guards or prisoners and studied
-guards became abusive, prisoners became rebellious and apathetic
-concluded behavior in prisons is more influenced by the nature of the prison situation than by the individual characteristics of those involved |
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Term
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Definition
-ppl told by "white coat" to administer electric shock to "person" behind the wall, and could hear him scream
-ppl still did what they were told, there was not something inherently bad in just the Germans in WWII |
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Term
inductive reasoning
deductive reasoning |
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Definition
observations-->theory
theory-->prove with observations/data |
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Term
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Definition
reliability = data reproducible
validity = proper measurements |
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Term
| independent vs. dependent variables |
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Definition
indep = responsible for change
dep = what changes |
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Term
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Definition
| values, customs, norms, language (verbal, written, body), and material culture (including technology) of a given group |
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Term
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Definition
-abstract ideals about what is good, bad, proper, and desirable
-influenced by culture one live's in |
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Term
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Definition
-internalized through socialization
-rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations that we take to be "normal" |
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Term
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Definition
-technology
-physical objects society creates and that influence the way ppl live |
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Term
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Definition
-primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society
-system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts
-creates our perception of reality |
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Term
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Definition
-values of modes of behavior shared by all humans
-e.g. no incest, marriage, language, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-representation of reality and those signs forming language
-something that stands for another |
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Term
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Definition
-mode of subsistence is gained from hunting and gathering
-small #ppl, few inequalities, difference of rank limited by age and gender |
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Term
| pastoral & agrarian society |
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Definition
-subsistence derives from rearing domesticated animals and agricultural production
-small rural communities (no towns/cities)
-stronger inequalities than hunter/gatherer
-ruled by chiefs |
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Term
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Definition
-large in size (not compared to industrialized societies)
-some cities with trade and manufacturing
-based largely on agriculture
-major inequalities among different classes
-distinct apparatus of government
-headed by king or emperor |
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Term
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Definition
-strongly developed nation-states
-majority of pop. works in factories or offices
-most ppl live in urban areaas |
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Term
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Definition
-set of technological changes between 1750 and 1850 that affected ppl's means of gaining a livelihood
-new technology, harnessing of power sources, and science to improve production methods
-created a "national" community (better technology = better communication and travel) and thus led to nation-states
-nuclear rather than extended family |
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Term
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Definition
-informationalization
-global technology
-service industries more prominent
-finance, knowledge based economy
-global organizations (UN, NATO) |
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Term
| 3 major theorists on modern societies |
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Definition
Durkheim-->organic solidarity, functionalism
Marx-->working class exploited, class conflict
Weber-->bureaucracy, rational-legal society leads to iron cage destructive of human freedom and potential |
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Term
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Definition
-process whereby Western nations established rule in parts of the world away from their home territories
-wealth goes to mother country
-local pop inflicted with conquests and disease |
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Term
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Definition
-ex-colonies
-independence after WWII
-rural
-extreme poverty
-some emerging economies |
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Term
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Definition
-"developed" countries
-those who colonized
-more industrial
-more wealth |
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Term
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Definition
-common social order, values and norms among a society
-maintained through formal and informal social controls |
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Term
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Definition
| -large industrialized societies involve numerous subcultures are diverse/multicultural |
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Term
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Definition
a group with values and norms distinct from those of the majority
e.g. hippies, goths, military, ruling class |
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Term
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Definition
group of people who hold values and norms opposite of those held by the majority
e.g. Amish? anarchists? |
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Term
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Definition
| acceptance of a minority group by the majority, and where the minority takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and public life |
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Term
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Definition
| when you evaluate another culture based upon your own |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluate another culture based upon their culture, not your own |
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Term
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Definition
| -where you fall on the social class ladder is determined by the amount of certain kinds of capital you have |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| who you know, your network connections |
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Term
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Definition
| recognition, position in society |
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Term
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Definition
-knowledge, accumulated through upbringing and education, of certain "high class" tastes
-it is embodied in ones upbrining leading to these tastes |
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Term
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Definition
| preferences that are the hallmark of "high culture" |
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Term
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Definition
| Habitus refers to the lifestyle, values, dispositions and expectations of particular social groups that are acquired through the activities and experiences of everyday life. Perhaps in more basic terms, the habitus could be understood as a structure of the mind characterized by a set of acquired schemata, sensibilities, dispositions and taste. |
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Term
| high culture vs. mass/pop culture (way of life) |
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Definition
-changes from society to society
-criticized for inequality
-interaction between the two
-think of cross chart
-high culture has cultural capital
and sometimes economic capital
-mass culture has no cultural
capital and sometimes economic
capital |
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Term
| Veblen's theory on conspicuous consumption |
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Definition
-luxury goods are conspicuously consumed as a means of reputability
-the more one consumes the "better" they are because they can afford to do so
-this accumulation of wealth needs to be shown off through parties with friends so that "his opulence is evidenced" |
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Term
| Juliet B. Schor's basic argument |
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Definition
-women spend more on luxury brand make up even though the quality is not better
-they do this only for goods that are readily seen in day to day life, not for those that are not seen |
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Term
| Sarah Thornton's basic argument |
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Definition
-clubs and dance music represent a subculture and taste cultures
-hip vs. mainstream
-underground vs. media
-authentic vs. phony
-subcultural capital |
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Term
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Definition
| process of internalizing norms (ideas, values, beliefs) |
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Term
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Definition
| childhood, most intensive learning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when values and norms are passed from parent to child |
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Term
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Definition
1. family
2. school/peer groups
3. work
4. media |
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Term
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Definition
-most important agent of socialization
-differ internally (both parents, divorced, etc.)
-differ externally (cultural, social, and economic capital) |
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Term
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Definition
-curriculum, rules
-peer relationships/rules |
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Term
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Definition
-expectations of an individual in a given status or social position
-negotiable
-room for free will/individuality |
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Term
| social identity or social self |
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Definition
-how others describe you
-mom, teacher, woman, etc.
-common experience with others can provide meaning and foster social movements (e.g. feminism) |
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Term
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Definition
| -how you describe yourself |
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Term
stages of human life
*socially constructed |
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Definition
1. infancy
2. childhood
3. teenage
4. young adult
5. mature adult
6. old age |
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Term
| Mead's theory on development |
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Definition
-symbolic interactionism
-children 4-5: imitate, roles, "I" vs. "me" (construction of social self)
-kids 8-9: organized games ---> generalized other (general values and moral rules of the culture in which they are developing), self-consciousnesses (awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others) |
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Term
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Definition
-looking glass self
1. imagine how we appear to others
2. imagine their reaction to this
appearance
3. develop sense of self based on
what we think that reaction is |
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Term
| Freud's theory on gender socialization and Oedipus complex |
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Definition
-penis = "i am a boy"
-no penis = "i am a girl"
-girls have "penis envy"
-boys age 4-5 Oedipus complex (erotic love for their mother) |
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Term
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Definition
-impression management
-performance
-audience
-audience segregation
-front and back regions
-civil inattention
-focused interaction/encounter
-unfocused interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl control how they act in society and comform to social norms so as not to be embarassed |
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Term
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Definition
-social interactions are not natural but a performance for impression management
-there is an audience for every social interaction |
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Term
| front and back regions, audience segretation |
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Definition
-front regions is what you perform for specific audiences
-back region is after performance when one is no longer around a particular audience
-separate audience from back region where one can act against social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| know people are around, but don't pay attention to them; even with strangers there is a social order |
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Term
| focused interaction/encounter |
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Definition
| intentionally sharing meaning with people |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| expressions ppl give and give off (Goffman) |
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Definition
-giving = intentional
-give off = unintentional |
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Term
| Garfinkel's theory of ethnomethodology |
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Definition
-folk methods
-ordinary ppl evaluate what others are doing (culture, social order, norms) |
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Term
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Definition
-the structuring of inequalities between groups in society, in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards
-the most distinctive form of stratification in modern societies is class division |
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Term
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Definition
-term used to refer to socioeconomic variations between groups of individuals that create variations in their material prosperity and power
-economically based
-fluid/mobility
-large-scale/impersonal
-positions partly achieved
-(social structure agency) |
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Term
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Definition
-Weber
-opportunities and rewards
-most likely associated with white collar workers |
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Term
| Domhoff's idea of social class |
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Definition
-class domination
-economic vs. social class
-upperclass utilizes social capital
to influence government and public
opinions so they stay in positions
of power
-networking for power and wealth |
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Term
| determining factors of social class |
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Definition
1. income
2. wealth
3. education (leads to wealth/income, related to race)
4. occupation (prestige) |
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Term
|
Definition
-wages
-salaries
-investments
-increase over time but do not increase equally for all people |
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Term
|
Definition
-assets
-cash
-real-estate
-stocks
-savings |
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Term
| Marx's theory on stratification/inequality |
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Definition
-class defined by their relationship to the means of production
-capitalists or ruling class owns the means of production and can exploit the working class
-working class does not own the means of production and sell their labor
-"surplus value" = difference between working worth and what actually paid |
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Term
| Weber's theory on stratification |
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Definition
-class divisions are derived from people's skills and credentials
-social status, referring to differences between groups in the social honor, or prestige, that others accord them (defined subjectively)
-pariah groups: negative status discrimination (Jews during WWII in Germany) |
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Term
| functionalist approach to stratification (Davis and Moore's theory) |
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Definition
-inequality functions in society to make it better
-skills, talent, and smarts rewarded (merit system)
-"socially necessary" |
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Term
|
Definition
1. upper class
2. upper & lower middle class
3. lower class
4. under class (new urban pool) |
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Term
|
Definition
-upwards and downwards
-intergenerational: compare to parents and grandparents
-intragenerational: how far an individual moves up or down during their lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
-absolute vs. relative
-absolute: person of family can't get enough to eat
-relative: poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society |
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Term
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Definition
| people who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line |
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Term
| Barbera Ehrenreich's basic arguments about wealth and income |
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Definition
-working class people struggle to meet the requirements of everyday survival
-there are special costs that affect the poor (not enough to put a deposit down for an apartment so they must pay weekly for rooms)
-other costs of poverty (insult and stress and unhappiness) |
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Term
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Definition
| biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males |
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Term
|
Definition
-social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex
-socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity |
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Term
| social construction of sex and gender |
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Definition
| -learning of gender roles through socialization and interaction with others |
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Term
| gender role socialization |
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Definition
| -the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family |
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Term
| Goffman's theory on "doing" or "performing" gender (West & Zimmerman) |
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Definition
-more than learning to act like a girl or a boy, we perform our gender in our daily interactions with others
-e.g. our physical appearance, how we walk, pitch of our voice |
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Term
| "If Men Could Menstruate" by Gloria Steinem |
|
Definition
-if men menstruated it would be considered a "becoming a man" event and would be a source of pride
-it would not be hidden or conversational taboo but a source of bragging among males
-feminine products would bu much cheaper |
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Term
| functionalist approach to gender |
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Definition
-gender differences, especially men and women's specialization in different tasks, contribute to social stability and integration
-criticized for ignoring social tension at the expense of consensus and perpetuating conservative view of world |
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Term
|
Definition
-addresses gender inequalities and sets forth an agenda for overcoming them
-liberal feminism: sees gender inequalities as rooted largely in social and cultural attitudes, do not see it as a part of a larger system or structure
-radical feminism: belief that men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women
-postmodern feminism: challenges the idea that all women share a single basis of identity and experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the dominance of men over women |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inequality between men and woman in terms of wealth, income, and status |
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Term
|
Definition
| women who come home from work and then are expected to do household duties |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| social construction of sexual orientation |
|
Definition
| -arises from a complex interplay between biological factors and social learning |
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Term
|
Definition
-physical characteristics over a spectrum to characterize groups
-variation between racial categories |
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Term
|
Definition
-groups based on cultural values/norms
-e.g. religion, language, trad. family structure, traditions/holidays, heritage (history), style of dress (Irish Americans...etc.) |
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Term
| Omni & Winant's theory of racial formation |
|
Definition
-sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed
-lifecycle
-racial legacies of the past continue to shape the present
-race = concept that is not purely desent and not purely made up, cultural representation/signification
-interpret meanings of race we encounter
-inequality |
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Term
|
Definition
| patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions |
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Term
|
Definition
-method of ethnic integration
-acceptance of a minority group by majority pop and minority adopts culture of the majority |
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Term
|
Definition
-model of ethnic integration
-idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patters of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources |
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Term
|
Definition
-model of ethnic integration
-all ethnic groups retain their separate identities yet share equally in rights and power of citizenship |
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Term
| Bonilla-Silva's theory of new racism |
|
Definition
-racism present in social interactions and daily life (e.g. residential segregation)
-covert racial practices
-invisible mechanisms
-avoidance, reverse racism
-internal vs. external factors
-NAACP vs. cold war |
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|
Term
| Bonilla-Silva's theory on colorblind racism |
|
Definition
1. abstract liberalism: equality, but decontextualization
2. naturalization: segregation natural, "while habitus" (ideas so internalized we practice them at an unconscious level
3. cultural racism: negative characteristics part of fixed culture
4. minimization of racism: ignoring the racism present today |
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|
Term
| Bonilla-Silva on Latin America-like racism |
|
Definition
-way we categorize race will change over time
-whites will redefine race in 10 years when they are no longer the majority
-"shade discrimination" |
|
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Term
| DuBois' idea of double consciousness |
|
Definition
1. African American identity
2. self consciousness and white privilege
(suggests AA's need to gain and unify 1.) |
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Term
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Definition
- > or = 2 ppl
-regular interaction
-shared expectations
-common identity |
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Term
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Definition
| -group of random people waiting for a bus |
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Term
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Definition
-small
-emotional bonds
-commitment
-identification
-e.g. family, friends |
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Term
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Definition
-larger
-impersonal
-exist to perform a function
-written rules
-designated roles |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl tend to go along with others |
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Term
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Definition
| us, group that one feels particular loyalty to |
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Term
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Definition
| them, group one feels particularly antagonistic to |
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Term
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Definition
| group that provides a standard for judging one's attitude or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| set of informal and formal social ties that link people together |
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Term
| strong ties vs. weak ties |
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Definition
strong ties: friends, family, people you are very close with
weak ties: acquaintances |
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Term
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Definition
-identification/membership
-definite set of authority relations
-connected action
-achieve a goal |
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Term
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Definition
-Weber
-rationally designed
-explicit rules/regulations
-bureaucracy (ideal vs. pure) |
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Term
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Definition
-hierarchy or authority
-official positions
-authority to give commands determined by laws/rules
-defined ways of fulfilling tasks
-paid positions, employed for skills/qualifications
-work separate from home (relationships impersonal)
-workers don't own means of production
-both formal and informal relationships
-control of time ans space
-surveillance (direct and indirect) |
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Term
| ideal type of bureaucracy |
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Definition
-"pure" type constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do no necessarily exist in reality
-Weber constructed an ideal type of bureaucracy (described in other card) |
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Term
| Ritzer’s theory of McDonaldization of society |
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Definition
A concept developed by
Ritzer that proposes certain traits are adopted as a country becomes more like a fast food place.
Irrationality of reality
Efficiency
Quantity > Quality
Uniformity
Control through automation |
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Term
| Weber's Idea of iron cage and rationalization |
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Definition
| Weber writes that the iron cage is the increased rationalization in many western societies. It is dehumanizing and takes away human creativity |
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Term
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Definition
| Relations that exist in groups and organizations, laid down by authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Relations that exist in groups and organizations developed on the basis of personal connections. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A system of democracy in which all members of a group or community participate in major decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of Participatory democracy that allows citizens to vote directly on laws and policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Systems of democracy based on parliamentary institutions, coupled to the free-market system in the area of economic production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Particular types of states, characteristic of the modern world, in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas, and the citizens are known to belong to this nation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rights of political participation, such as the right to vote in local and national elections, held by citizens of a national community. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rights of social and welfare provision held by all citizens in a national community (like the right to claim unemployment benefits). |
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Term
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Definition
| A political system that provides a wide range of welfare benefits for its citizens. |
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Term
| Democratic Elitism (Weber) |
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Definition
| A theory of the limits of democracy that holds that in large-scale societies democratic participation is necessarily limited to the regular election of political leaders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small networks of individuals who, according to CW Mills, hold concentrated power in modern society. |
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Term
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Definition
| A government's legitimate use of power |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of a political community, having both rights and duties associated with the membership |
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Term
| Domhoff’s class domination theory of power |
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Definition
| Those with power are those with money. |
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Term
| Domhoff's power elite (different from Mills') |
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Definition
| The upper class, corporate community, and policy planning network are apart of the power elite. They use money in return for power. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of decline in the influence of religion. Secularization can refer to levels of involvement with religious organizations, the social and material influence wielded by religious organizations, and the degree to which people hold religious beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief in one or more supernatural deities |
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Term
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Definition
| Large bodies of people belonging to an established religious organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large bodies of people belonging to an established religious organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious movements that break away from orthodoxy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A religious sect that has lost its revivalist dynamism and become an institutionalized body with a significant amount of members. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fragmentary religious groupings to which individuals are loosely affiliated but that lack any permanent structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theoretical framework within the sociology of religion that argues that religions can be fruitfully understood as organizations in competition with one another for followers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality. |
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Term
| Stanczak’s discussion on spirituality |
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Definition
Stanczak argues that being spiritual has a social role as well. He interviewed hundreds of people of different faiths to prove its social role.
-spirituality is considered an internal yet socially shaped variable that affects indicudual motivations and creative innovations in actively striving for social change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption. Kinship relations are by definition part of marriage and the family, but extend much more broadly. |
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Term
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Definition
| A socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals. Marriage almost always involves two persons of opposite sexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family group consisting of more than two generations of relatives living either within the same household or very close to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family group consisting of a wife, husband, and dependent children. |
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Term
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Definition
| The families into which individuals are born |
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Term
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Definition
| The families individuals initiate through marriage or by having children. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family system in which the husband is expected to live near the wive's parents |
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Term
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Definition
| A family system in which the wife is expected to live near the husband's parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of marriage in which a man may have two or more wives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of marriage in which a woman may simultaneously have two or more husbands. |
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Term
| Functionalist approach to family |
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Definition
| Families perform important tasks that contribute to society. |
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Term
| Feminist approach to family |
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Definition
| Feminists disagree with the idea that in a 'typical' family, they are supposed to perform housekeeping roles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The activity by which people produce from the natural world and so ensure their survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any form of paid employment in which an individual regularly works. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system of production and exchange that provides for the material needs of individuals living in a given society. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you work, you receive money, activity, social contacts, structures time, variety, self esteem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased profit= increased price - decreased cost. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of ideas, also referred to as 'scientific management,' developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, involving simple, coordinated operations in industry. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system of production pioneered by Henry Ford, in which the assembly line was introduced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizations or work settings in which individuals are permitted a great deal of autonomy and control over the work task. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizational or work settings in which people are allowed little responsibility for, or control over, the work task. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sense that our own abilities as human beings are taken over by other entities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The period characterized by the transition from mass industrial production using Fordist methods.. to more flexible forms of production favoring innovation and aimed at meeting market demands for customized products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which computers design customized products for a mass market. |
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Term
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Definition
| The domination of a small number of firms in a given industry |
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Term
| Transnational corporations |
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Definition
| Business corporations located in two or more countries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Business firms or companies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but instead on the production of knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| An economic liberalism that calls for open markets and free trade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status. |
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Term
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Definition
| Level of intellectual ability, particularly as measured by IQ tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself or others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A charter school is a school which receives public funding but operates independently |
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Term
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Definition
| An aid program issued by the government in 2001 to give aid to disadvantaged students. |
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Term
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Definition
| A government issued funding that raised 4.35 billion dollars to increase innovation in K-12. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social reproduction refers to the emphasis on the structures and activities that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural reproduction is the transmission of existing cultural values and norms from generation to generation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Credentialism is the over-emphasis on credentials when hiring staff or assigning social status. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Assimilation (in sociology) is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group. |
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