What is Sexuality?

Refers to the identities we contrust that are often based on our sexual conduct. Life gender, sexuality is socially constructed.

It is social, psychological, emotional, and biological.

An identity that is organized by the gender of the person, or persons, to whom we are sexually attracted.

-Heterosexual

-Homosexual

-Bisexual

-Asexual

The fear and hatred of homosexuality.

Myths about gay people:
-Gay people have a desire to seduce straight people.
-Gay and lesbian parents will have negative effects on their children.
-They are mostly white men with large discretionary incomes who work primarily in artistic areas and personal jobs.

Human sexual attitudes and behavior vay in different cultural contexts.

Sexual attitudes and behaviors change over time.

Social institutions channel and direct human sexuality.

Public polocies regulate sexual and reproductive behaviors.

1) Birth control

2) Abortion

3) Pornography

4) Teen Pregnancy

Young people become sexually active earlier.

Proportion of young people who are sexually active has increased.

Having only one sexual partner in one's lifetime is rare.

A significant number of people have extramarital affairs.

A significant number of people are lesbian and gay.

For those who are sexually active, sex is relatively frequent.

Chromosomal, chemical, anatomical organization (biological maleness and femaleness)

TRANSEXUAL- People who identify with the opposite sex and may use surgery to alter their sex to fit their self image.

HERMAPHRODITIC- A person whose chromosomal characteristics are neither exclusively female or male.

A social postion, set of socual arrangements built around sex categories.

Varies from culture to culture.

Definitions of change over time.

Definitions vary within a society.

Varies over the life course.

Refers to our understanding of ourselves as male or female.

Can be affected by race, class and religion.

Differences among women and men are often greater that the differences we imagine between men and women.

The process by which males and females are taught the appropriate behaviors, attitudes, and traits for their biological sex

-begins at birth continues throughout life.

Bundle of traits, attitudes, and behaviors that is associated with the biological males and females.

-blueprints for what you should do, think, want, look like.

It can be found in all past and present societies.

-Women are limited due to physical stength and demands of bearing and raising children.

-Men delivered resources, such as food from hunting or land form warfare, and became powerful by controlling he distribution of these resources.

FUNCTIONALISTS- Believe that there are social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and the societies aare more stable when certain tasks are fulfilled by the approproate sex.

-Division of labor, specialization

CONFLICT- Believe men have historically has access to most societies material resources and privileges. Therefore, it is in thier interest to try to maintain their dominate position.

INTERACTIONIST- Emphasize how the concept of gender is socially constructed, maintained, and reproduced in our everday lives.

-In 2008, 59.2% of married women also were employed full-time.

-Women spend approximately 28 hours a week on household, men about 16 hours (2:1 ratio)

-HOCHSCHILD "THE SCOND SHIFT": Wives spend approximately 15 fewer hours on leisure activities (cooking, cleaning)

-Over a month, women work an extra month of 24 hours days because of second shift.

57% of women were in the labor force in 2007.

67% of women who are pregant with their first child work full-time, compared to 44% in 1960s

Overrepresented in teachers, cahiers, social workers, librarians, receptionists, dental hygienists.

Underrepresented in civil engineers, pilots, physicians, lawyers, and chefs.

Poor, urban blacks and native americans have the worst health.

1/3 of all poor black 16 year old girls will not reach their 65th birthday.

Racism itself is harmful to health.

Poverty is still the biggest predictor of health but social disparities disavantage certain populations.

-Diet: 13 x body weight = caloric intake needs for a person who does light activity.

-Housing conditions.

-Lifestyles and behaviors: smoking, drinking excercise.

-Infrastructure: Proximity to nearest hospital and quality of health care providers/affordability.

Health expenditures in the US were 2.4 tillion in 2008 and projected to be 3.1 trillion by 2012.

Americans ay 17% directly, 38% is insurance, and 45% is direct public spending.

Uninsured Americans totaled 50 million, but some sources reports upwards of 85 million were unisured for some period in 2008/2009

APPOXIMATELY!

-Swaziland: 39yrs

-Sudan: 57yrs

-Honduras: 70yrs

-Mexico: 75yrs

-USA: 78yrs

-Belgium: 79yrs

-Israel: 81yrs

-Switzerland: 82yrs

-Japan: 83yrs

Defining what health and illness means.

-expansion of definition into sexuality, obesity, child deveolpment, alcohol.

-Once medicalization occurs it becomes harder for lay people to affect policy and decision-making.

-midwives.

Refers to a person labeled ill.

-fit members of society exempt sick from day to day activites and do not blame them.

-obligated to recover from illness.

-physicians and nurses are the gatekeepers for sick role.

A group of people who have differences and similarites in biological traits deemed by society to be socially significant.

-Physical traits have biological origin but race is socially prescribed.

Shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions that are set apart one group of people from another.

RACE:

-Externally imposed.

-Involuntary.

-Hierachal.

-Physical difference,

-Exclusive.

-Unequal.

ETHNICICTY:
-Voluntary.

-Self-defined.

-Non-hierarchal.

-Fluid and Multiple.

-Cultural.

-Balanced.

The term race did not appear until the 1500s and did not imply ranking.

Racism entrenched in the 19th century with the notion of European superiority (contributing factors: European coloial expansion, slavery in North America, and social Darwinism)

Further legitimated with pseudo science.

Racial classification institutionalized in the USA via Constitution and the Census.

HOUSING: Fair housing act 1968. African American and Hispanics may be denied infromation about housing. Discrimintation tax, blacks and hispanics have to pay higher loan taxes. In major metropolitan statistical areas residentential  segregation still averages about 70%.

SPORTS: Most americans would say that sports is one area that is not insulted from discrimination. 95% of owners of NBA, NFL ect. are white.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: Minorities are suspected and arrested for more crimes than whites. Minority youth are more likely than whites to be waived from juvenile to adult courts. 2/3 of those sent to state prison for drug offenses are black though white users outnumber them 5 to 1. Blacsks are 38% more likely to be sentenced to death than white counterparts who commited same crime.

-Black codes.

-Congressional reconstruction.

-14th and 15th amendments.

-Civil rights Act of 1866 and 1875.

-Disenfranchisement.

-Share cropping.

-The color line.

Example of laws:

"No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospital, either public or private, in which negro men are placed" -Alabama.

Feminism is the term for the belief in the social, economic and political equality for women.

FIRST WAVE: (1848-mid 20th century) Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B Anthony. Worked for political equality- women's right to vote. Ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920.

SECOND WAVE: (1960s - 1980s) Betty Friedan The Feminist mystique. Emergence of the National Organization for Women. "The problem that has no name" - women can work outside the home and be successful without husband.

Associated with women's equal access to empoyment and education

THIRD WAVE: (the most recent) Issues of diversity and the variety of identify women can possess.

Specularization is the activity of changing something (art or education or society or morality etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion.

Majority of people in USA profess belief in God.

Conservatives view secularization as a mark of moral decline.

Progressives view secularization as liberation from dictatorial beliefs.

Secularization sparked in US Supreme Court ban on prayer in schools (1963)

-A conservative religious doctorine that opposes intellectialism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherreligion.

-DISTINCTIVE IN FIVE WAYS:

-Fundamentalists take the words of sacred texts literally.

-Reject religious pluralism.

-pursue the personal experience of God's presence.

-oppose "Secular Humanism"

-endorse conservative polotical goals.

Simple supernaturalism: higher being aka GOD.

Animism: belief in animals. Holy cow?
Theistic religions (monotheistic- The doctrine or belief that there is only one God. Polytheistic- worshipping or believing in more than one god)

Abstract ideals

Berger: "The human enterprise by which the sacred cosmos is established"

Religion: A social institution involving beliefs and practices on conviction rather than fact.

Faith: Believes based on conviction rather than fact.

SACRED: Supernatural, divine, and spiritually significant aspects of our existence.

PROFANE: That which is part of everyday life.

-Questions of ultimate meaning- is religion required to give meaning to life?

-Emotional comfort.

-Social solidarity.

-Guidelines for everyday life- social control morality.

What are the theories of education?

FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE: Education provides social benefits, keeping society moving smoothly.

CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE: Education maintains social inequality and status qou.

MANIFEST: teaching knowledge and skills, cultural transmission of values.(math skills)

LATENT: social integration into more cohesive unit, mainstream culture. (teaching the norms of soceity)

TRACKING: Placed on a teack early. (the gifted path in elementary school)

GATEKEEPING: the ones that say yes or no, accepted or not.