Term
| What is the difference b/n estrus and estrous? |
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Definition
-estrus: noun
-estrous: an adjective |
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Term
| What is the difference b/n anestrous and anestrus? |
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Definition
-anestrous is not cycling
-anestrus is not displaying that type of behavior |
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Term
| What is the difference b/n polyestrous and polyestrus? |
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Definition
-polyestrous is having multiple cycles
-polyestrus is having multiple seasons of estrus behavior |
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Term
| What are the three types of estrous cyclicity? |
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Definition
-POlyestrus
-Seasonally polyestrus
-Monoestrus |
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Term
| Which species are polyestrus? |
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Definition
| -cow, queen, pig, rodents |
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Term
| Which species are seasonal polyestrus with long days? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species are seasonal polyestrus with short days? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species are monoestrus? |
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Definition
| -some types of dogs, wolf, fox, bear |
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Term
| What are the two major phases of the estrous cycle? |
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Definition
| -follicular phase and luteal phase |
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Term
| What is the follicular phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the luteal phase? |
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Definition
| -ovulated and under influence of progesterone |
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Term
| LOOK AT THE CHART ON PAGE 12!!!! |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the divisions of the follicular phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the divisions of the luteal phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during anestrus? |
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Definition
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Term
| LOOK AT THE CHART ON PAGE 20 |
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Definition
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Term
| LOOK AT THE CHART ON PAGE 31 |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the bitch ovulate? When does fertilization occur? What specifically does the BITCH ovulate? |
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Definition
-ovulation occurs during estrus
-fertilization occurs during estrus
-btch only ovulates a primary oocyte |
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Term
| Which of the estrus phases are loosey goosey about timing and which are very tightly reuglated? |
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Definition
| -luteal phase is the ONLY phase htat is tightly rgulated |
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Term
| Describe the behavior of the cow during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase. |
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Definition
-Search: inc locomotion, inc vocalization, twitching, and elevatio nof the tail
-Courtship: inc grooming, mounting attempts with other females
-Consummation: homo mounting and standing to mbe mounted |
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Term
| Describe the behavior of the mare during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase. |
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Definition
-Search: inc locomotion, tail flagging
-Courtship: urination stance, urination in presnece of stallion
-Consummation: presents hidnquarters to mate, clitoral exposure by labial eversion, pulsatile contractions of labia |
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Term
| Describe the behavior of the ewe during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase. |
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Definition
-Search: short period of restlessness ram seeking
-Courtship: urination in presence of ram
-Consummation: immobile stance |
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Term
| Describe the behavior of the sow during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase. |
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Definition
-Search: mild restlessness
-Courtinship: immobile stance
-Consummation: immobile stance |
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Term
| Describe the behavior of the bitch during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase. |
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Definition
-Search: roaming
-Courtship: immobile stance
-Consummation: tail deflected to one side, urination in presence of male affectionate head rubbing |
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Term
| Describe the behavior of the queen during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase. |
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Definition
-Search: vocalization
-Courtship: crouching, affectionate head rubbing, rolling
-Cosummation: elevation of rear quarters and hyperextension of back, presentation of vulva, tail deviation |
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Term
| Describe the behavior of the llama during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase. |
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Definition
-Search: acceptance
-Courtship: sitting position
-Consummation: acceptance of male/sitting position |
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Term
| REVIEW PAGE 38 OF THE POWERPOINT |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the mare? |
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Definition
-Estrous cycle: 19-22d
-Estrus: 4-7d
-Diestrus: 14-16d |
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Term
| What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus inthe cow? |
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Definition
-Estrous cycle: 18-22d
-Estrus: 6-30h
-Diestrus: 16-17d |
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Term
| What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the ewe? |
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Definition
-Estrous cycle: 14-16d
-Estrus: 24-36h
-Diestrus: 12-13d |
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Term
| What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the doe? |
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Definition
-Estrous cycle: 18-21d
-Estrus: 24-36h
-Diestrus: 15-17d |
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Term
| What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the sow? |
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Definition
-Estrous cycle: 18-21d
-Estrus: 24-72h
-Diestrus: 15-17d |
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Term
| What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the bitch? |
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Definition
-Estrous cycle: 4-8mo
-Estrus: 7-9d
-Diestrus: 60-80d |
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Term
| Which species are induced ovulators? |
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Definition
| -camelids, queen, rabbits |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of anestrus in the female? |
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Definition
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Term
| LOOK AT THE GRAPHIC ON PAGE 41 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is lactational anestrus? |
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Definition
| -lactations by own calf inhibits GhRN resulting in low LH concentrations during the suckling period (not mechanical milking) |
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Term
| What factors affect seasonal anestrus? |
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Definition
| -photoperiod and nutrition |
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Term
| Why is it a bad idea to breed a primiparous heifer on her first cycle? |
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Definition
| -due to the nutritional demand of raising a calf compounded by her still-growing body without any more body fat, will not be successful |
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Term
| During early embryonic development, what does the inner cell mass become? What do the trophectoderm and mesoderm layers become? |
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Definition
-inner cell mass
-placenta |
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Term
| Outline the hormone profile of the follicular phase. |
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Definition
-Declining P4: regression of prebious CL
-Increasing E2: growing follicles +/- D
-Increasing FSH: recruits next wave
-Surge release of LH: low P4 and high E2
-With dominane, E2 and inhibin are secreted = suppress FSH, enhance LH |
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Term
| What substances do we use to synchronize cows? |
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Definition
| -PGF2a: give shot at end of diestrus and a week later |
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Term
| What hormone controls recruitment of the follicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the selection phase of follicular phase? |
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Definition
-ovulatory follicles emerge
-under control of INhibin |
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Term
| What happens during the dominance phase of the follicular phase? |
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Definition
| -final growth of ovulatory follicle and inhibition of others |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In the mare with a granulosa cell tumor the contralateral ovary is almost prepubertal in size due to the secretion of what hormone by the affected voary? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does ovulation come about in induced ovulators? |
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Definition
| -copulation stimulates vaginal and cervical neurons to go uop and tell the surge center to release GnRH to cause an LH surge for ovulation |
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Term
| Which species ovulates a primary oocyte? A secondary? |
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Definition
-bitch ovulates a primary oocyte
-everyone but the bitch ovulates a secondary oocyte |
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Term
| At which stage are oocytes arrested while awaiting ovulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| For how long is it called a zygote? |
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Definition
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Term
| On which hormone is ovulation dependent? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does ovulation usually take? Are there any exceptions? |
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Definition
-msot species it is a 24h event
-takes 3-5d in the mare |
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Term
| During which phase of estrus do most species ovulate? Any exceptions? |
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Definition
-estrus
-cow ovulates immediately after estrus |
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Term
| When do bitches ovulate within the estrous cycle? |
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Definition
| -2-3d after LH surge b/c she ovulates a primary oocyte |
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Term
| What happens to an ovulated follicle? |
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Definition
| -collapses, fills with blood, and becomes a Corpus hemorrhagicum |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the luteal phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main events of luteal phase? |
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Definition
-luteinization of follicle cells to luteal cells (CL)
-production of P4
-luteolysis |
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Term
| Which cells in the ovary become the large luteal cells? The small luteal cells? |
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Definition
-Granulosa cells become the large luteal cells
-Teca interna cells become the small luteal cells |
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Term
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Definition
-transformation of the theca interna and granulosa cells of the follicle to luteal cells producing P4
-large = granulosa & small = theca interna |
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Term
| What hormones support luteal cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| From where does the corpus luteum originate? |
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Definition
| -from the ovulatory follicle |
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Term
| What are the purposes of luteal P4? |
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Definition
-strong negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP
-regulates the cyclic surge patern in the female
-uterine milk
-inhibits myometrium and reduces contractility
-closure of the cervix
-moderates mucosal immunity: allows conceptus to remain in uterus |
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Term
| Luteolysis is essential in order to return to estrus. What all occurs during luteolysis? |
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Definition
-disintegration of the CL
-dramatic drop in blood P4 (1-3d) |
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Term
| What is the key luteolytic agent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source of PGF2a? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three possible pathways to luteolysis? |
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Definition
-local countercurrent exchange of PGF2a from ipsilateral uterine v and ovarian artery in ruminants
-Systemic pathway involving the lungs
-A combination of both |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of luteolysis in the sow? |
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Definition
-systemic and countercurrent exchange mechanism
-40% metabolized in one passage through lung
-not responsive till day 12 |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of luteolysis in the mare? |
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Definition
-systemic pathway only
-CL more sensitive to PGF2a
-PGF2a metabolized less rapidly |
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Term
| Where do oxytocin receptors appear in the late luteal phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outline hormonal induction of luteolysis? |
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Definition
-oxytocin receptors appear in endometrium in late luteal phase
-CL contains large amounts of oxytocin
-oxytocin release stims a pulse of PGF2a release
-PGF2a stimulates more oxytocin (positive feedback system)
-maternal recognition of pregnancy disrupts this process |
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