Term
| What is Social Psychology? |
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Definition
| The subfield that attempts to explain how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals. |
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Term
| What is the Primacy Effect? |
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Definition
The tendency for a persons overall impression to be influenced the most by the 1st impression.
-it is the template for your relationships
-you have to be very careful of 1st impressions |
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Term
| Why are first impressions so important? |
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Definition
| First impressions are important because (1) people attend more carefully to the first information they receive about another person; and (2) once formed, an impression acts as a framework through which later information is interpreted. |
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Term
| Why do people do what they do? |
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Definition
We assign or ATTRIBUTE causes to explain the behavior of others or of ourselves
-attribute - determining the reasons for people’s actions
-Prone to the following errors:
1. Fundamental Attribution Error
2. Actor/Observer Bias
3. Self Serving Bias |
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Term
| What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? |
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Definition
We tend to overemphasize internal traits and underemphasize the situation as a cause for people’s behavior
-the situation you are constrained to should dictate your behavior not your personality
IE – being quiet in a classroom doesn’t mean you are a quiet person
-Pilot of ocean landing
-Presidents term failures or accomplishments reflecting on his personality |
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Term
| What is the Actor/Observer Bias? |
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Definition
We recognize we are driven by situations but don’t recognize it in others
-we attribute the behaviors of others to internal traits, but our own behaviors to circumstances of the situation
-Pilot said he was doing his job; passengers said he was a hero |
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Term
| What is Self Serving Bias? |
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Definition
We attribute our success to internal traits, but our failures to circumstances of the situation
-we do not take ownership of failures we take ownership of success. |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways of being attracted to another individual? |
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Definition
1. Overall Physical Attractiveness
2. Physical Proximity
3. Conditioned Associations |
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Term
| Define Physical Appearance with regards to Attraction? |
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Definition
We are most attractive to those who:
-have symmetrical faces
-have features that are the mathematical average of all faces – not to small not to big etc etc
-are sexually dimorphic – males should have strong chins and stronger features, females to have softer features |
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Term
| Define Physical Proximity with regards to Attraction? |
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Definition
-The mere exposure effect – we grow to like most things more often with repeated exposure
-Just being around people tends to make the more attractive as long as they don’t repel you outright |
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Term
| Define Conditioned Associations with regards to Attraction? |
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Definition
-Fun Activities (UCS) that cause Good Feelings (UCR) now we are conditioned:
Fun Activities (UCS) now paired with the Person (CS) leads to the Good Feelings (CR)
-This is why we date…we start associating your date partner with a lot of fun.
-It pays to make the encounters with your spouse as positive as possible |
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Term
| What are 2 ways we subjugate our individual needs or wants to the goals of a group? |
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Definition
Through the process of:
1. Conformity
2. Obedience |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency to share the behavior and attitudes of other people, which is
generally a good thing |
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Term
| Define Consensual Validation? |
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Definition
| if we don’t know what to do we will look around and copy the majority. If everyone else agrees that it is the right thing it generally is. |
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Term
| What was Asch's Study on Conformity? |
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Definition
-Used 1 subject with a group of confederates
-Had them judge the length of lines
-Real subject judged last to asertain level of conformity
-For first 6 questions, confederates were truthful
-For remaining 12 questions, confederates gave the same wrong answer |
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Term
| What did Asch find in his experiment on conformity? |
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Definition
-5% of participants always went along with the correct answers
-70% went along some of the time
-25% remaind independent
This shows how important conformity is in our society. |
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Term
| Why was Asch's conformity study important? |
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Definition
| It shows that if you need to sway someone in your opinion take 6 other people with you...1 is too little and 15 is too many |
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Term
| What factors affect conformity according to Asch's study? |
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Definition
-one dissenter reduced conformity, even if that person admitted to being clueless
-Uncertainty
-Lack of knowledge
-Low social status
-Degree to which the behavior is public |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaving in accordance with the rules and commands of those in authority. |
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Term
| What was Milgram's study on obedience? |
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Definition
-Subject(s) was paired with a confederate, told study was on learning and punishment
-Real subject was always made to be the teacher (both pieces of paper said teacher)
-Teacher helped strap learner into chair
-Teacher told to teach learner word pairs, shock him for wrong answers
-Voltage supposedly increased with each shock to dangerous levels
-Confederate faked increasing distress, then stops responding
-Teacher told by Milgram that he had to continue the experiment
-One of the single most unethical experiments ever done in psychology , he is why we have ethics committees |
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Term
| What were the results of Milgram's Study of Obedience? |
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Definition
-100% of particapants went to 300 volts
-65% went all the way to 450 volts
-with a co teacher - he say obedience plummet
Just heard 65%
Seen 50%
Touched 25%
In Office instead of Yale 50% |
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Term
| What did researchers find when they varied the circumstances of Milgram's study of obedience? |
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Definition
| Participants were almost as likely to obey experimenters when the study was repeated at a shabby office building rather than at Yale University. However, when participants were pared with conferderates who refused to obey the experimenter, they were less likely to obey. |
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Term
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Definition
Acting in accordance with the wishes, suggestions, or direct requests of other people.
-There are 4 compliance techniques |
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Term
| What are the 4 Compliance Techniques? |
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Definition
1. foot in the door
2. door in the face
3. low ball
4. sweetening the deal (but wait, there’s more) |
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Term
| What is the "foot in the door" compliance technique? |
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Definition
-start with a small, reasonable request
-follow up with the larger request you really wanted
-car sales men (from sitting in the care, to test driving it, to running some numbers, to application, to approval with signature) – having complied with other requests you are more than likely to finish it out
Results
No first step 25%
First step 60% |
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Term
| What is the "Door in the Face" compliance technique? |
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Definition
-Start with a large, unreasonable request
-Follow up with the smaller request you really wanted
-Car sales men (you tell them what you want around 23k, they show you something pricier 38k, they then show you 28k)
-engagement ring 25% of your annual salary and then they work down from there ending higher than what you orginally budgetted
Results
Larger Request first 50%
Small first 25% |
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Term
| What is the "Low Ball" compliance technique? |
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Definition
-Offer a reasonable deal
-Once you get agreement, start taking away as much of the deal as you can
-Car Dealer "ok $23k it is yours" but they don’t tell you about taxes and Misc fees
Results
Low Balled 60%
Told Truth 25% |
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Term
| What is the "Sweetening the Deal" compliance technique? |
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Definition
Start with an okay deal
Immediately throw in other things to make the deal look special
“But wait there’s more” |
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Term
| What are 4 ways that group mentality can influence our individual decision? |
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Definition
1. Social Facilitation
2. Social Loafing
3. Group Polarization
4. Groupthink |
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Term
| What is "social facilitation" in group mentality? |
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Definition
Positive and negative effect on performance that can be attributed to the presence of others
-mindless task you might get better with people around, and harder or more stressful tasks would make you do worse. |
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Term
| What is "Social Loafing" in group mentality? |
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Definition
The tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone.
-resulting in at least one person always doing less
-to prevent you make sure their is feedback on how hard everyone is working or have a personal stake in the outcome. |
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Term
| What is "group polarization" in group mentality? |
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Definition
Group discussion causes opposing sides to shift to more extreme positions
-day trip planned…half say the beach, other half say zoo
-as it is more and more discussed people become more and more polarized…happens a lot in politics
-to get people together in this situation try to find something they agree on |
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Term
| What is "groupthink" in group mentality? |
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Definition
-small tightly knit groups, surrounded by enemies, stop bringing up doubts and worries, even though they are all doubting the same thing, because it would be disloyal to dissent. Sometimes obvious problems are not considered
Ex: Cults, Space Shuttle challenger, Jonestown Massacre |
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Term
| Define Cognitive Dissonance? |
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Definition
The unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior.
-When you know you are doing something wrong but you do it anyway |
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Term
| How can "cognitive dissonance" be reduced? |
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Definition
1. Change behavior
2. Change attitude
3. Minimize inconsistency
4. Explain away inconsistency |
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Term
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Definition
-making judgments about people based solely on group membership
-even positive prejudice is unfair because no group is identical in any trait. You should judge on one’s own merit. |
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Term
| What are the 4 reasons why we have predudices? |
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Definition
1. Realistic conflict
2. Us vs Them thinking
3. Social learning
4. Social cognition |
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Term
| What is "Realistic Conflict" with regards to prejudice? |
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Definition
| The view that as competition increases amoung social groups for scarce resoursces, so do prejudice. |
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Term
| What is "Us vs. Them" with regards to prejudice? |
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Definition
Involves dividing the world into overly simplistic categories, then artificially contrasting them (if we’re good, they must be evil)
Saw this alot during the Cold War |
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Term
| What is "Social Learning" with regards to prejudice? |
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Definition
| Prejudice is rewarded, lack of prejudice is punished, and prejudice can be imitated from role models |
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Term
| What is "Social Cognition" with regards to prejudice? |
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Definition
-Possession of simple schemes about groups encourages prejudices (Asians can't drive)
-knowledge of the groups reduces it (I mingled with a few Asians and they can indeed drive) |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that is aimed at helping another, requires some self-sacrifice, and is not performed for personal gain |
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Term
| What is the Bystander Effect? |
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Definition
| As the number of bystanders at an emergency increase the less likely the victim will receive help or if help is given it will be delayed |
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Term
| Why does the Bystander Effect occur? |
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Definition
| Possibly diffusion of responsibility or the influence of other bystanders who seem calm. |
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Term
| What are 4 reasons why people become agressive? |
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Definition
1. Biological Factors
2. Frustration/Aggression
3. Social Learning
4. Cognitive Theory |
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Term
| What biological factors are thought to be related to aggression? |
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Definition
-Genetic Factors (30% genetic per twin studies)
-Increased testosterone in Utero (boys twice as aggressive, girls just as aggressive as normal boys)
-Current testosterone level
– Peak aggression years in males (13-30) correspond with peak testosterone output.
- Inappropriate and unprovoked aggression a side effect of steroid uses (head grows)
-Brain structure factors
-frontal love damage is associated with aggression
-Alcohol Effects
-small amounts of alcohol increase aggression by reducing inhibitions
-large amounts of alcohol reduce aggression due to sedative effects |
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Term
| How does frustration relate to aggression? |
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Definition
Goal Directed Behavior Blocked Frustration Aggression
We are wired to aggress when we are frustrated….you would need to learn other ways to deal with the frustration |
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Term
| How is aggression socially learned? |
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Definition
-Aggression is rewarded
-nonaggression is punished
- aggression is learned from role models, esp. parents…also video games, movies, tv, books you won’t imitate unless you see them as a lot like yourself |
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Term
| What is the cognitive Theory of agression? |
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Definition
External, controlled – someone else bothered or harmed you that you know - Anger
External, Not Controlled – someone else bother or harmed you but it wasn’t their fault bc they were are on crutches - Pity
Internal, Controlled – you bump into your friend and dump milk on yourself - Guilt
Internal, not controlled – you bump into your friend and the milk dumps on him – Shame |
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