Term
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Definition
| The process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information |
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Term
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Definition
| When dealing with conditions or behaviors that are rare, rather than naturalistic observation or a survey or something, researches instead just kind of like observe one individual and how the behavior or condition affects that one individual. |
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Term
| nature–nurture controversy (p. 7) |
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Definition
| Ongoing dispute over the the relative contributors of nature (heredity) and nurture (enviroment) to the development of behavior and mental processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Term
| dependent variable (DV) (p. 25) |
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Definition
| Variable that is measured; it is affected by (or dependant on) the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A carefully controlled scientific procedure that determines whether variables manipulated by the experimenter have a casual effect on other variables. |
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Term
| independent variable (IV) (p. 25) |
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Definition
| Variable that is manipulated to determine its causal effect on the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research designed to solve practical problems Cary Wolinsky/NGS Image Sales |
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Term
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Definition
| Research conducted to advance scientific knowledge rather than for practical application |
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Term
| correlation research (p. 34) |
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Definition
| Scientific study in which the researcher observes or measures (without directly manipulating) two or more variables to find relationships between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nerve call that receives and conducts electrical impulses from the brain. Courtesy E.R. Lewis, Berklely. |
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Term
| neurotransmitters (p. 38) |
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Definition
| Chemicals that neurons release, which affect other neurons. |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) (p. 44) |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal chord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The brains ability to recognize and change its structure and function through the life span. |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) (p. 44) |
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Definition
| All nerves and neurons connecting the CNS to the rest of the body. |
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Term
| somatic nervous system (SNS) (p. 47) |
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Definition
| Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The SNS connects the sensory receptors and contrtols the skeletal muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin surface layer on the cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behavior, including reciving sensations, motor control, and higher mental processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of the brain to ignore enviromental factors that remain constant |
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Term
| sensory adaptation (p. 89) |
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Definition
| Repeated or constant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain, which causes decreased sensation |
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Term
| opponent-process theory (p. 105 |
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Definition
| Theory that color perception is based on three systems of color receptors, each of which responds in an on-off fashion to opposite-color stimuli: blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a physical stimulus is converted into neural impulses. |
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Term
| selective attention (p. 99) |
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Definition
| Filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages. |
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Term
| trichromatic theory (p. 105) |
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Definition
| Theory that color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems—red, green, and blue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of learning and associations between enviromental stimuli and behavioral responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes because of practice or experience. |
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Term
| classical conditioning (p. 144) |
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Definition
| Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorndike’s rule that the probability of an action being repeated is strnghtened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence. |
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Term
| operant conditioning (p. 149) |
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Definition
| Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences (also known as instrumental or Skinnerian conditioning) |
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Term
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Definition
| A consequence that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A consequence that strenghtens a response and makes it more likely to recur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit (or chunk) |
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Term
| elaborative rehearsal (p. 180) |
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Definition
| The process of linking new information to previously stored material. |
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Term
| explicit/declarative memory (p. 179) |
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Definition
| The subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences. |
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Term
| implicit/nondeclarative/procedural ¬memory (p. 180) |
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Definition
| The subsystem within long-term memory that consists of unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses. |
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Term
| long-term memory (LTM) (p. 177) |
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Definition
| This third memory stage stores information for long periods. Its capacity is limitless; its duration is reletively permanent. |
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Term
| maintenance rehearsal (p. 178) |
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Definition
| Repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory (STM). |
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Term
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Definition
| An internal record or representation of some prior event or experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall and retrieval of a stored piece of information from long term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first memory stage holds sensory information. It has a relatively large capacity, but duration in only a few seconds. |
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Term
| short-term memory (STM) (p. 177) |
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Definition
| This second memory stage temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory (LTM). Its capacity is limited to five to nine items, and its duration is about 30 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
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Term
| five-factor model (FFM) (p. 314-15) |
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Definition
| The trait theory that explains personality in terms of the “Big Five” model, which is composed of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively stable and consistent characteristics that can be used to describe someone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s term for thought or motives that a person is currently aware of it is remembering. |
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Term
| defense mechanisms (p. 319, 336) |
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Definition
| In Freudian theory, the ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s term for thoughts or motives that can be easily brought to mind. |
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Term
| psychosexual stages (p. 320-21) |
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Definition
| In Freudian theory, the five developmental periods (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s term for thoughts or motives that lie beyond a person’s normal awareness but that can be made available though psychoanalysis. |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard (p. 326, 336) |
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Definition
| Roger’s term for positive behavior toward a person with no contingencies attached. |
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Term
| projective tests (p. 334) |
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Definition
| Psychological tests that use ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious thoughts onto the test material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of steps that, if followed correctly will eventually solve the problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple rule used in problem solving and decision making that does not guarantee a solution but offers a likely shortcut to it. |
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Term
| stereotype threat (p. 219) |
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Definition
| Negative stereotypes about minority groups that cause some members to doubt their abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment. |
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Term
| Intelligence quotient (IQ) (p. 213) |
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Definition
| A subject’s mental age divided by his or her chronological age and multiplied by 100. |
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Term
| developmental psychology (p. 228) |
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Definition
| The study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of special sensitivity to specific types of learning that shapes the capacity for future development |
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Term
| cross-sectional method (p. 230) |
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Definition
| Research design that measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about age differences. |
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Term
| longitudinal method (p. 230) |
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Definition
| Research design that measures a single individual or a group of same-aged individuals over and extended period and gives information about age changes |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget’s theory, the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget’s theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas |
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Term
| concrete operational stage (p. 245) |
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Definition
| Piaget’s third stage (roughly ages 7 to 11) in which the child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reversibility and conservation, through abstract thinking is not yet present |
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Term
| formal operational stage (p. 247) |
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Definition
| Piaget’s fourth stage (around 11 and beyond), which characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief of in adolescence where there life is like a story and that bad things can’t happen to them |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in adolescence that there is an imaginary audience constantly observing all their actions |
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Term
| preoperational stage (p. 244) |
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Definition
| Piaget’s second stage (roughly ages 2 to 7 years), which is characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think symbolically, though the child lacks operations (reversible mental processes), and thinking is egocentric and animistic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive structures or patterns consisting of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first stage of prenatal development, which begins with conception and ends with implantation in the uterus (the first two weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
| the second stage of prenatal development which begins after uterine implanation and lasts through eighth week |
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Term
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Definition
| The third, and final stage of prenatal development (eight weeks to birth) which is characterized by rapid weight gain in the fetus and the fine detailing of bodily organs and systems |
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Term
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Definition
| such as nicotine, aspirin, alcohol that can affect a baby in the womb |
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Term
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Definition
| A subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressions (frowns, smiles, and running). |
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Term
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Definition
| When an experiment is conducted for the purpose of determining the effect of a single variable of interest on a particular system designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable. |
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Term
| correlation coefficient (p. 34) |
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Definition
| A number between −1 and +1 calculated so as to represent the linear dependence of two variables or sets of data. |
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Term
| psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective (p. 11) |
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Definition
| includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality. |
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Term
| experimenter bias (p. 27) |
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Definition
| Preconceived notions of the experimenter skew the results of an experiment. |
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Term
| naturalistic observation (p.31) |
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Definition
| When researchers observe behaviors or conditions of individuals in their natural environment without any interference. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| operational definition (p. 19) |
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Definition
| A solid definition for ambiguous terms such as happiness, sadness, awkward, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| After experiments and research agree with a hypothesis, the next step is to form a theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Action potential whenever something stimulates a neuron enough to open channel gates and allow the movement of K+ from within the neuron outside and and Na- to move inside and create chain reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the neuron that carries information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The receptor that receives information about a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| At the end of the axon, they release neurotransmitters to pass on to other cell bodies of neurons or other cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulates the axon and helps speed up neural processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each of the paired lobes of the brain lying beneath the temples, including areas concerned with the understanding of speech. The temporal lobe is involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing and language [2] and is home to the primary auditory cortex. It is also important for the processing of semantics in both speech and vision. The areas associated for vision in the temporal lobe interpret the meaning of visual stimuli and help us recognize the object. [3] The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system (p.48) |
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Definition
| The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS, or occasionally PNS) is one of the three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is responsible for regulation of internal organs and glands, which occurs unconsciously. To be specific, the parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed" activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion, and defecation. Its action is described as being complementary to that of one of the other main branches of the ANS, the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for stimulating activities associated with the fight-or-flight response. |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system (p.48) |
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Definition
| one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response. It is, however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the fore-brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organization, identification and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical stimulation of the sense organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensation is the function of the low-level biochemical and neurological events that begin with the impinging of a stimulus upon the receptor cells of a sensory organ. It is the detection of the elementary properties of a stimulus. |
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Term
| Bottom-up Processing (p.108) |
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Definition
| piecing together of systems to give rise to grander systems, thus making the original systems sub-systems of the emergent system. Bottom-up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception. Information enters the eyes in one direction (input), and is then turned into an image by the brain that can be interpreted and recognized as a perception (output). In a bottom-up approach the individual base elements of the system are first specified in great detail. These elements are then linked together to form larger subsystems, which then in turn are linked, sometimes in many levels, until a complete top-level system is formed. |
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Term
| Depth Perception (p. 102) |
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Definition
| Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues. These are typically classified into binocular cues that are based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes and monocular cues that can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye |
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Term
| Top-Down Processing (p.108) |
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Definition
| the breaking down of a system to gain insight into its compositional sub-systems. In a top-down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying but not detailing any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base elements. |
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Term
| Absolute threshold (p.89) |
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Definition
The lowest frequency of something for an individual to be able to notice it.
ex: That one annoying ringtone that old people can't hear. |
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Term
| Difference threshold (p.89) |
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Definition
| The smallest amount of noticeable difference between two stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect. |
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Term
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Definition
| set is a group of expectations that shape experience by making people especially sensitive to specific kinds of information. A perceptual set, also called perceptual expectancy, is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way. |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for color vision; they function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells that work better in dim light. Cone cells are densely packed in the fovea, but quickly reduce in number towards the periphery of the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision), which is necessary in humans for reading, watching, driving, and any activity where visual detail is of primary importance. |
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Term
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Definition
| light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. The optics of the eye create an image of the visual world on the retina, which serves much the same function as the film in a camera. Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses. These are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than can the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On average, there are approximately 125 million rod cells in the human retina.[1] More sensitive than cone cells, rod cells are almost entirely responsible for night vision |
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Term
| Levels of Processing Model (p. 175) |
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Definition
| memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. Shallow processing (e.g., processing based on phonemic and orthographic components) leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid decay. Conversely, deep processing (e.g., semantic processing) results in a more durable memory trace. |
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Term
| Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model (p.175) |
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Definition
| the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information that is from the outside world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli. In this first stage we must change the information so that we may put the memory into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that we maintain information over periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that we have stored. We must locate it and return it to our consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| the system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind for execution of verbal and nonverbal tasks — such as reasoning and comprehension — and makes them available for further information-processing |
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Term
| Distributed Practice (p.188) |
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Definition
| Example: Studying over a period of time with sleep intervals in between. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example: Cramming. What I'm doing right now. |
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Term
| Proactive Interference (p. 187) |
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Definition
Old information interferes with recalling new information
Example: Recalling where you parked yesterday so you can't find your car today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories you're blocking because of painful experiences, memories that cannot be retrieved. Freud shit. |
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Term
| Retroactive Interference (p.187) |
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Definition
| Interference caused new information making you forget old information. You can't remember your old telephone number, you only know your new one. |
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Term
| Serial Position Effect (p. 188) |
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Definition
| Remembering the first and last numbers in a list, but not the ones in the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tricks to help you better remember things. For example, there's Loki's trick which involves imagining walking past items in a garden. Additionally, there's the one where you write a list and then think of a letter that rhymes and imagine that item sitting on the other item (It's actually super effective) |
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Term
| Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) (p.146) |
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Definition
| The emotional response after conditioning. Example: The experiment where the child cries when he sees a fur coat. Crying is the conditioned emotional response. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR)(p.144) |
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Definition
| A response created because of classical conditioning. Pavlov's Dogs. Their drool when they hear the bell is the conditioned response. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) (p.144) |
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Definition
| Pavlov's dogs. The bell that is rang. |
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Term
| Spontaneous recovery (p.147) |
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Definition
| Whenever an a response to a conditioned stimulus ceases, but than recovers again randomly. |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UCR) (p.144) |
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Definition
| The natural response to a stimulus. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)(p.144) |
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Definition
| The neutral stimulus before classical conditioning occurs. Example: Bell chime for Pavlov's Dogs before experiment. |
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Term
| Continuous reinforcement (p.150) |
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Definition
| In order to keep a behavior from stopping, continuous reinforcement. There's the kind that occurs every time a behavior occurs. Then, there's the type where a reward or punishment is received in intervals. |
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Term
| Negative Reinforcement (p.150) |
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Definition
| Taking something away. Either taking away something negative or taking away something positive. |
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Term
| Positive Reinforcement (p.150) |
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Definition
| Adding something. Either adding something positive or negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| The differential reinforcement of successive approximations, or more commonly, shaping is a conditioning procedure used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. It was introduced by B.F. Skinner[1] with pigeons and extended to dogs, dolphins, humans and other species. In shaping, the form of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior by rewarding exact segments of behavior |
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Term
| Availability Heuristic (p.204) |
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Definition
| how easily something that you've seen or heard can be accessed in your memory. People tend to think of things they remember as more important than things they don't remember as easily. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mental categories used to organize events and objects, are often arranged in hierarchical order from |
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Term
| Confirmation Bias (p.202( |
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Definition
| Confirmation bias (also called confirmatory bias or myside bias) is a tendency of people to favor information that confirms their beliefs or hypotheses. |
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Term
| Functional Fixedness (p.202) |
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Definition
| Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. |
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Term
| Levels of Processing Model (p.175) |
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Definition
| memory is just a by-product of the depth of processing of information and there is no clear distinction between short term memory and long term memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| an iconic mental representation |
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Term
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Definition
| subconscious tendencies to approach a problem in a particular way. They are shaped by past experiences and habits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Problem-solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing and solving problems. The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles |
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Term
|
Definition
| A prototype is the BEST example or cognitive representation of something within a certain category. |
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Term
| Representative Heuristic (p.204) |
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Definition
| People tend to judge the probability of an event by finding a 'comparable known' event and assuming that the probabilities will be similar. |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence (p.211) |
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Definition
| Crystallized intelligence is intelligence based on the information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience |
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Term
| Fluid Intelligence (p.211) |
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Definition
| the ability to reason quickly and to think abstractly. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Flynn effect is a theory which emphasizes the fact that average intelligence quotient (IQ) scores have risen over generations. |
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Term
| social psychology (p. 402) |
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Definition
| The study of how other people influence a person’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned predispositions to respond cognitively, effectively, and behaviorally to particular objects in a particular way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanations for behaviors or events. |
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Term
| cognitive dissonance (p. 404) |
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Definition
| A feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two attitudes. |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error (FAE) (p. 402) |
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Definition
| Misjudgement of others’ behavior as stemming from internal (dispositional) rather than external (situational) causes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of changing behavior as a result of real or imagined group pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of following a direct command, usually from an authority figure. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget’s theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental state of people age 13-19 |
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Term
| Interactionist Perspective (p.229) |
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Definition
| n sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that derives social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) from human interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of humans to worry about dramatic things such as explosions, disasters as rather than common accidents |
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Term
| Self-serving Bias (p.402) |
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Definition
| A self-serving bias occurs when people attribute their successes to internal or personal factors but attribute their failures to external factors. |
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Term
| Normative Social Influence (p.421) |
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Definition
| Sometimes people behave in ways just to gain approval from others, even if they don't necessarily believe in what they are doing. |
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Term
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Definition
| People whose attitudes, behavior, beliefs, opinions, preferences, and values are used by an individual as the basis for his or her actions. |
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Term
| Foot-In-Door Technique (p.424) |
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Definition
| Asking for a small favor and then progressively asking for bigger and bigger favors. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Jean Piaget and his theory of cognitive development, egocentrism is an inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to understand different perspectives. |
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Term
| Milgram's Classic Obedience Study & Four Factors in Obedience |
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Definition
| The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of notable social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience. (Teacher, Learner, Heart Condition, Electric Shock) -Proximity to the Victim, Proximity to the Authority -Assumption of Responsibilty |
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Term
| Obedience, Authority Responsibility, Graduation in Requests, and Disobedient Modles |
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Definition
| Acting because of authority figure. The amount of responsibility of authority.Asking for bigger and bigger things. Exposure to disobedient models increase disobedience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The biological changes in a person ages like 13-19. |
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Term
| Object Permanence (p.244) |
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Definition
| permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. |
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Term
| Sensorimotor Stage (p.244) |
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Definition
| Definition: In Piaget's stages of cognitive development, a period between birth and age two during which an infant's knowledge of the world is sensory driven |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of birth defects occurring as a result of excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy and characterized by growth retardation, cranial, facial, or neural abnormalities, and developmental disabilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of synapses between neurons. In humans it begins early in gestation but occurs most rapidly from 2 months before birth to 2 years after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myelination is a term in anatomy that means the process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move more quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| In neuroscience, synaptic pruning, neuronal pruning or axon pruning refer to neurological regulatory processes, which facilitate a change in neural structure |
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Term
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Definition
| A roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere, associated with the sense of smell. found in the limbic system and association with emotions, aggression and memory fear and aggression |
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Term
| Cannon-Bard theory (p.300) |
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Definition
| The Cannon-Bard theory, also known as the thalamic theory, is a theory of emotion developed by physiologists Walter Cannon and Philip. The main assertions of the Cannon–Bard theory are that emotional expression results from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from stimulations of the dorsal thalamus. The physiological changes and subjective feeling of an emotion in response to a stimulus are separate and independent; arousal does not have to occur before the emotion. Thus, the thalamic region is attributed a major role in this theory of emotion. |
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Term
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis (p.301-302) |
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Definition
| The facial feedback hypothesis states that facial movement can influence emotional experience. |
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Term
| James-Lange Theory (p. 300) |
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Definition
| suggests emotions are a consequence of our physiological responses to external stimuli followed by identification of the emotion by examining the physical responses. So, some external stimulus produces a physiological response in your body. Then, you examine this physiological response and identify the emotion you are experiencing based on the physiological response. For example, you see a bear in the woods, and you begin to tremble. You then identify the fact that you are trembling and conclude that you are afraid..."I am trembling, therefore I am afraid." |
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Term
| Schachter's Two-Factor Theory (p.303) |
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Definition
| The two-factor theory of emotion, or Schachter–Singer theory, states that emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal. According to the theory, "people search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal." |
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Term
| Emotional Intelligence (EI)(p.300) |
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Definition
| the ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest. |
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Term
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Definition
| The motive force of the superego in Freudian psychology. The morality principle is the sum of the mores and behaviors of society learned |
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Term
| Pleasure Principle (p.319) |
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Definition
| The instinctive drive to seek pleasure and avoid pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ego's control of the pleasure-seeking activity of the id in order to meet the demands of the external world. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unconscious exclusion of painful impulses, desires, or fears from consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers. |
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Term
| Self-Actualization (p.326-27) |
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Definition
| The motivation to realize one's own maximum potential and possibilities. |
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