• Germinal Stage
• Embryonic Stage
• Fetal Stage

• extremely rapid cell division
• Zygote (0-2 weeks) 
• placenta forms

• (2-8 weeks) Embryo
• most vulnerable stage, risk of miscarriage
• Moms: no sickness, smoking, or drinking allowed!

Fetal Stage

• (8 weeks - birth) Fetus
• bone & muscle development & sex organs

• Harlow's Monkeys
• mother bond, monkeys taken away at birth
• bonded to tericloth with touch and comfort
• 50% of premature babies survive because of contact

Documented infant bonding styles

• Secure from trust, needs met
• Anxious-ambivelent from being overly-dependant
• Avoidant from being overly-independant

• Germany
• half of the infants are avoidant
• Japan
• most are secure, some are anxious-ambivalent, and almost none are avoidant
• US
• most are secure

• Piaget (researcher) studied his own kids
• Sensorimotor period (0-2 years)
• Object permanence
• out of sight, it doesn't exist
• Scale errors
• inability to understand difference between real and replica
• Preoperational period (2-7 years)
• Irreversibility
• Can't reverse thought process
• Centration
• Concentrate at one thing at a time
• Egocentrism
• See things from own point of view
• Concrete operations period (7-11 years)
• Conservation
• understanding that change of shape doesn't change amount
• Heirarchical classification
• e.g. more boys or more kids?
• tied to centration
• Formal Operations period (11-adolescence)
• Abstract thinking
• Systematic thinking and logic

• Trust vs. Mistrust (1st year)
• Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (2-3 years)
• Can I do things myself?
• Initiative vs. Guilt (4-6 years)
• Am I good or am I bad?
• Industry vs. Inferiority (6-puberty)
• Am I competant or worthless?
• Identity vs. Confusion (adolescence)
• Who am I? Where am I going?
• abstract thought
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adult)
• Am I capable of a meaningful relationship?
• Generality vs. Self Absorption (mid-adulthood)
• Am I producing something meaningful?
• Idea of death is iniment
• Intergrity vs. Despair (late adult)
• How you face death
• Have I lived a good life?

• Identity diffusion
• no crisis, no commitment, adapt identity to that of peers
• Identity moratorium
• crisis, no commitment, confused, trying to seek identity
• Identity foreclosure
• no crisis, commitment, adopt morals but never think about them for themselves
• Identity achievement

crisis is questioning things on your own during adolescence

commitment is what was influenced by parents and peers

Moral development

3 Levels, 2 Stages Each

Study done by Kohlberg

• Preconventional level
• Punishment Orientation
• learn what is wrong thorugh punishment, not knowing what is right
• Naive Reward Orientation
• being rewarded for certain things (believing things are right when rewarded)
• Conventional Level
• Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation
• pleasing role models
• Authority Orientation
• Following rules and laws
• Post-Conventional Level
• Social Contract Orientation
• rules can be broken for the right reason
• Individual Principles & Conscience Orientation
• Determining what is right and wrong for yourself and others
• e.g. hiding the Jews underground in WWII

• Normal, but kids may need help from someone unbiased
• Questioning beliefs from those who love you
• Suicide attempts, cry for help
• Stress

• New trend of later marriage
• Financial security, getting through school, etc...
• Increase in alternative lifestyles
• no marriage, not because they are unable, bt because they might believe the government doesn't need to validate a relationship
• Four parenting styles
• positive punishment
• negative punishment
• providing different toys
• no kids at all

• Marital happiness
• goes down with children, is high with honeymoon
• Midlife crisis vs. reflection
• going back to school, doing volunteer work

• Decline of active neurons (minor effect)
• Gradual decline in sensory sensitivity (easily corrected)
• Fluid intelligence decreases; crystalized stable
• New activities/identities associated with life satisfaction
• Interactoin of physical, social, and cognitive health

1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

Study done by Kubler-Ross

1. Shock
2. New coping strategies

Kubler-Ross believed that one didn't move onto the next stage until they finished the one prior

Two things that can happen are:

1. You stick to one stage for the rest of your life
2. You cycle back and forth between the two

• A durable, pervasive way of being
• Permanent towards all areas of life

• The disposition of behavior
• Over 4000!

• Minnesota Multi-Phase Personality Inventory
• used for clinical purposes when looking for disorders
• self-report inventory

Used as a selection aide for hiring purposes in business

self-report inventory

Contains the Big 5 traits

self-report inventory

Using ink blots to look for unconscious influences

projective test

• Thematic Apperception Test
• For those who love writing
• Writing from pictures
• Looking for unconscious influences from reoccuring themes

• Self Report looks for conscious influences
• Projective looks for unconscious influences

Consists of:

• Freud's psychoanalytic theory
• Jung's analytic psychology
• Adler's individual psychology

focuses on the unconscious

Consists of:

• Id
• pleasure for self no matter what the expense
• impulsive
• overdeveloped = rapists & serial killers
• Superego
• purely conscience/morality
• overdeveloped = OCD
• Ego
• Mediating principle
• Reality

Conflict between Id and Superego results in anxiety and defense mechanisms

Freud's study of different parts of a personality that conflict with each other

• Conscious
• Thinking right now
• Preconscious
• Not thinking now
• Easily thought of if prompted
• Unconscious
• Not thinking now
• Not easily thought of even if prompted
• There are a lot of things we know that we don't know we know

• Conscious (ego) above surface
• Preconscious (superego) at surface and a bit beneath
• Unconscious (id) below surface

• Repression
• Pushing down/motivated forgetting
• Projection
• Something that is difficult to accept that can be seen in others
• Displacement
• Taking out frustration on another living being
• Reaction formation
• Difficult to accept something about self, so act opposite
• Regression
• Regress to more child-like way of being
• Not childish
• Rationalization
• Coming up with excuses
• Identification
• Associating self with group/individual to feel important

Childhood: The Formative Years:

• Oral Stage: (0-1)
• Body part focus is mouth
• Developing mouth and tongue muscles
• Oral fixations like overeating and smoking
• Anal Stage: (2-3)
• Body part focus is anus
• Potty training
• Fixations
• Anal Retentive Personality
• Perfectionist
• Anal Repulsive Personality
• Messy
• Phallic Stage: (4-5)
• Body part focus is genitals
• Exploring and becoming comfortable with body
• Latency Stage: (6-12)
• Sexually repressed
•  working on social skills
• Genital Stage: (puberty on)
• Body part focus is genitals
• wanting to share sexuality with others

Oedipus Complex is when the boy falls in love with the mother, wants all her attention, fears castration from father, and wants him dead.

Electra Complex is the supposed penis envy of a little girl.

Kids eventually look up to parents of same sex. 

• Fulfilling sexual wishes
• Cylindrical shapes represents penis
• Openings represents vagina
• looking for unconscious influences

• Saying something and meaning something different
• "That's what she said"

• Drive to be spiritual
• Personal Unconscious 
• Knowing things you don't know that you know (Freud)
• Collective unconscious (archetypes)
• collective memory from ancestors
• Introversion
• preferring to spend time with self and thoughts
• inner world is more fascinating than reality
• Extroversion
• opposite
• more interested in other people

• Superiority need
• need to be better than average
• Inferiority complex
• less satisfaction in life because not better than average
• Compensation
• Improving things that you're not so good at

• Personality development
• Reward and punishment

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

• Observational learning
• Learning via modeling
• Self efficacy
• how well you think  you would do at something

Roger's Person-Centered Theory

• Self concept
• two parts
• actual self
• ideal self
• Congruent
• more of both
• Incongruency & mental health
• more incongruent 
• less mentally healthy
• Source of incongruency
• Lack of (or too much) unconditional love (or unconditional positive regard)

Maslow's Self Actualization Theory

• Self actualized personality
• 2% people reach this
• be all you can be
• getting to know what you can contribute
• Lifelong personality development
• based on progressive needs

Eysenck's ENP Theory

• Traits largely inherited
• 50% personality from parents
• Personality structure
• Heirarchical
• Higher order trait
• Traits
• Habitual responses
• Specific responses
• ENP
• Extroversion
• Neuroticism
• Psychoticism 
• abnormal

Evolutionary Perspective

• Judgements of others
• Natural selection favors
• Reliability
• Cooperation
• Generosity

evidence shown when meeting someone

The Trait Perspective

(The Big Five)

• Open-Mindedness
• broad interests
• Conscientiousness
• reliable
• detail-oriented
• Extroversion
• sociable
• outgoing
• talkative
• Agreeableness
• warm
• sympathetic
• likeable
• Neuroticism
• anal
• anxious
• less stable

OCEAN