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The Scientifc study of behavior and mental processes |
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Rene Descartes
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March 31 1596 – February 11 1650 |
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Dualism, or the idea that the mind and body are separate entities that interact |
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Plato
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424/423 BC – 348/347 BC |
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Nativism, or the idea that certain kinds of knowledge are inborn or innate |
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Aristotle
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384 BC – 322 BC |
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Philosophical empiricism, or the idea that all knowledge is acquired through experience |
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The branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms
§In the 1600s, physiologists begin to study the workings of the brain and its relation to behavior.
§By the 1700s, physiologists find that specific bodily functions can be traced to specific brain areas.
§Some early ideas, such as phrenology, did not stand the test of time. |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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(1832-1920) |
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§Uses scientific methods to study psychological processes
§Writes first psychology textbook (1874)
§Establishes first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany (1879) |
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Edward Titchener
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(1867-1927)
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Structuralism
Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, held that complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental parts or structures. |
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William James
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(1842-1910)
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As a professor and philosopher, William James was influential in establishing psychology in the United States. |
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Charles Darwin
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(1809-1882) |
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Although Darwin was a naturalist, his 1859 book On the Origin of Species influenced psychologists to investigate how behavior allows animals to adapt to their environments. |
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Sigmund Freud
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1856-1939
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Developer of Psychoanalytic theory, and personality theory |
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§The Unconscious is the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness
§Unconscious conflicts determine behavior and personality |
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Psychology redefined as the scientific study of observable behavior |
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Ivan Pavlov
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(1849-1936) |
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discovers conditioned reflexes. |
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John Watson
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(1878-1958) |
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Behavorilist Extends approach to human behavior. |
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B. F. Skinner
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(1904-1990) |
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Further experiments on behavior, learning, and conditioning. |
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§Positive potential of human beings is assumed
§Emphasis on self-determination, free will, and the importance of choice
§A reaction to negative implications of Freudian and emphasis on external influences of the behaviorist school |
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The scientific study of how perception, thought, memory, and reasoning are processed
A return to an emphasis on mental processes and how they influence behavior |
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the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature," i.e. nativism, or innatism) versus personal experiences
does biology make a person who they are or is it their enviroment |
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Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism |
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| A theory, in the language of science, is a set of principles, built on observations and other verifiable facts, that explains some phenomenon and predicts its future behavior |
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A hypothesis is a testable prediction consistent with our theory.
Testable” means that the hypothesis is stated in a way that we could make observations to find out if it is true.
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A safe guard against only choosing data that supports a theory instead of looking at the data as a whole sample.
An operational definition, also called functional definition,[1][2] defines something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of the specific process or set ofvalidation tests used to determine its presence and quantity. |
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a measure of how closely two factors vary together, or how well you can predict a change in one from observing a change in the other |
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manipulating one factor in a situation to determine its effect |
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| The variable we are able to manipulate independently of what the other variables are doing is called the |
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| The variable we expect to experience a change which depends on the manipulation we’re doing is called the |
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the most common level/number/
score |
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the sum of the scores, divided by the number of scores |
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(middle person’s score, or 50th percentile)
the number/level that half of people scored above and half of them below |
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