1. Freedom to Choose

2. Knowledge and Information

3. Involvement in Decision Making

4. Access to Resources

5. Control and Informed Consent

What is an Ethical Dilemma?

1. Autonomy: Honour clinet's self-determination and freedom to make thier own decisions

2. Beneficence: Pursue the welfare and benefit of others

3. Non-maleficence: Do no harm to others

4. Justice: Be fair with equal distribution of resources and equitabel effort among paticipants

5. Fidelity: Be loyal, honest and keep promises

Step 1: Gather Facts

Step 2: Identify Ethical Issues and Violations

Step 3: Identify Possible Options and Strategies

Step 4: Take Action

Highest to Lowest:

1. Protection of Life

2. Equality & Inequality

3. Autonomy & Freedom

4. Least Harm

5. Quality of Life

6. Privacy & Confidentiality

7. Truthfulness & Full Disclosure

Objectivity: is defined as the capacity to understand situations and people, without bias or distortion.

Assumptions are one way that counsellors can lose objectivity i.e. assuming that the clients feelings about a situation or shared experience are the same as the counsellor's

Over-identiying with clients is a second way that counsellors can lose objectivity. Letting personal feelings get mixed up witht the client.

Becoming overly involved with clients is a third way to lose objectivity - included dual relationships

1. Work within the limits of competence

2. Pursue professional training and development

3. Be aware of personal reactions and unresolved issues

1. Denial

2. Displacement

3. Rationalization

4. Suppression

5. Regression

1. The Need to Be Liked: becomes a problem when it is more important than achieving the goals of counselling

2. The Need for Status or Prestige: counsellors become technique-centered instead of clinet-centered

3. The Need for Control: counsellors break the principle of self-determination when they attempt to take over the client's problems

4. Perfectionism: counsellor tendency to blame themselves for client failures

5. The Need for Social Relationships: if counsellors have unmet social needs they may misuse the counselling relationship for this purpose

1. Preliminary Phase

2. Beginning Phase

3. Action Phase

4. Ending Phase

1. A Contract

2. Goals

3. Boundaries & Time Limits

4. Immediacy

5. Core Conditions

Core Conditions:

1. Unconditional Positive Regard

2. Empathy

3. Genuineness

Warmth communicates comfort and it is a precursor to trust.

Warmth is particularly important during the beginning stage of the relationship.

1. To Perceive clients' feelings and perspecitves

2. To make an Empathic Response

Being genuine means being authentic and real in a relationship.

Counsellors who are genuine show high consistency between what they think and do, and between what they feel and express.

Professionalism means that you adhere to the values and ethics of a professional body.

You may have to work within a piece of legislation that you could have disciplinary action taken against you for being unethical or inapporpriate in your job.

1. Knowledge, competence, self-efficacy and expertise

2. Respect for and adherence to professional values and ethics

3. Integrity, self-awareness, self-control, and social support

4. Critical thinking, scientific inquiry and career-long learning

5. Engagement of diversity and acceptance of difference

6. Advocacy for human rights and social justice

7. Promotion of social well-being

• To be genuine, sincere and reflect fundamental honesty

• To be non-defensive, open to ideas about others and yourself

1. Honesty, truthfulness and sincerity

2. You relfect integrity in how you speak about people, what and how you share information about them

3. You exemplify integrity when you resist opportunities to lie, cheat, or misrepresent facts

4. You manifest integrity when you report behavior of others that is unprofessional, unethical, when you know that have lied, cheated, or treated a client inappropriately

1. Self-Understanding

2. Self-Control

1. Service

2. Social Justice/Human Rights

3. Dignity and Worth of the Person

4. Importance of Human Relationships

5. Integrity

6. Morality

7 Competence

Social Justice is the pursuit of social change with, and on the behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups.

Its goal is to promote sensitivity to and knowledge about oppression and cultural and ethnic diversity

1. Race/ethnicity

2. Gender

3. Sexual Orientation

4. Language

5. Spiritual orientation

6. Age

7. Physical ability/diability

8. Socioeconomic status

9. Geographical location

1. Client Needs

2. Agency Needs

3. Counsellor Expertise

Hightest to Lowest

1. Self-Actualization needs

2. Self-Esteem needs

3. Belonging needs

4. Safety needs

5. Basic Survival needs

"You can't counsel a client who hasn't eaten"

Immediacy: is a tool for exploring, evaluating, and deepening counselling relationships.

The goal of immediacy is to strengthen the counselling relationship by evaluating the general working climate of the counsellor-client relationship.

I-Statements to underscore responsibility and ownership of feelings.

"I'm uncomfortable" not "You make me feel uncomfortable."

1. Review of the extent to which work contract goals have been realized

2. Procedures fo further contract or services from the agecny, if needed

3. Referral to other services if needed

4. Relationship closure, including discussion of feelings regarding the ending - for example, unresovled feelings and regrets - along with unfinished business

5. Next steps

1. Skills related to understanding the self

2. Skills related to understanding others

1. Metaphors e.g. "going around in circles" to describe feelings of confusion

2. Nonverbal Communication: Body language (especially facial expression); vocal cues such as tone, intensity, rate of speech; and affect are essential components of emotions that confirm, embellish, or contradict verbal statements.

Mixed Feelings are often associated with anxiety and stress, especially when the feelings require opposing responses.

If a person is both attracted to and repelled by a particular choice, anxiety is likely to continue until he or she resolves the dilemma.

1. Entering the private perceptual world of the other and becoming thoroughly at home in it

2. Being senstive, moment to moment, to the changing felt meanings that flow in this other person

3. Temporarily living in his or her life, moving about in it delicately without making judgements

4. Sensing meanings of which he or she is scarcely aware

5. Not trying to uncover feelings of which the person is totally unaware, since this would be too threatening

1. Reduction of pain through the release of feelings (Catharsis)

2. Increased Insight as feelings are recognized, labelled and managed

3. Increased trust and rapport with the counsellor

1. Invitational Empathy: counsellor uses strategies to encourage clients to talk about their feelings

2. Basic Empathy: counsellor mirrors what the client has explicity said

3. Inferred Empathy: counsellor reaches empathic understanding by interpreting subtle clues

Preparatory Empathy prepares for inferred empathy.

It is a preliminary phase skill that involves trying to anticipate the feelings and concerns that clients might bring up in the interview

1. When clients share feelings, empathy is the preferred response

2. Risk expressing empathy early in the relationship

3. Never assume that we can know another peron's emotions in the way that they know them

4. Empathyrequires flexibility in its use, including the ability to refrain from using it

1. Cutoffs: phases that inhibit the further expression of feeling e.g. "Don't feel that way" or changing the subject or offering advice

2. Empty Responses: responses devoid of content e.g. "I hear what you're saying" or Parroting: repeating exactly what the client has said

3. Sympathy: sympathy is the cousellor's personal reaction, and though it is intimately connected to the client's feelings, it is not empathy

The ability of the worker and the client to work together in a collaborative relationship.

This relationship is characterized by mutual liking, trust, respect, and a commitment to the counselling process.

The client-centered approach is focused on the client's ability to know themselves, to develop self-awareness

The workers job is to create and environment that offers a sense of safety and trust, so that the client feels the freedom to explore areas of their life that are either denied or their awarenes denied or distorted.

1. Warmth

2. Emapthy

3. Caring Concern

4. Genuineness

1. Focus on person's strenghts

2. Belief that people have capacity to Learn, Grow and Change

3. The "Consumer" directs the process

4. The relationship is key

5. Outreach is preferred mode of helping

6. Community may be best resource

What are Five Principals of a Strengths-Based Practice?

1. Every individual, family and community has strenghts

2. Trauma may be injurious, but may also be a source of challenge and opportunity

3. Do not assume to know the limits of a person's capacity to grow and change

4. Best serve clients through collaboration

5. Every environment has resources

1. Economic Status

2. Culture/Ethnicity/Religion

3. Physical and Mental ability

4. Communication Style

5. Age, gender, sexual orientation, marital status

1. Language

2. Unemployment

3. Poverty

4. Discrimination

5. Culture Shock

6. Parent-Child Relationship Problems

7. Male-Female role adjustment issues

1. Individualism: Focus on the self and the immediate family

2. Collectivism: Focus on community, state and groups

1. Worldview

2. Identity: Idividualism vs. Collectivism

3. Communication Patterns

4. Relationship Expectations

5. Beliefs about How People Should Act

6. Time Orientation

1. First Nations people may pause before offering a response

2. Tend not to engage in "small talk"

3. May feel it is improper to share feelings with strangers

4. Expect short and direct answers

5. Lack of eye contact may be a sign of respect

1. Medicine Wheels (balance of mental, physical, emotional and spritual dimensions

2. Storytelling

3. Teaching and Sharing Circles

4. Ceremonies (Sweats, Pipe Ceremonies)

5. Traditional Role Models (Elders, Healers)

Capacity to change

build

A just society

Strong people

OCSWSSW

Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers

authority to use title Social service worker

issued a certificate of registration

recieve a code of ethics and standards of practice handbook

the annual report

newsletters with pertinent information

more employers are requiring registration

a client having difficulty adjusting to new culture, or/and living in poverty.  

Social worker would determine cause of the problem and offer resources to acculturate them to middle-class

client is a person whose adjustment to society was seen as not normal.  

The response was to study the client from a psychoanalytic point of view, being particularly careful to develop a "good relationship" and help the client gain insight into themself

the client was likely in poverty

The response was to provide economic resources and if there was time also to give thought to how the economic insufficiency was affecting the person.

The response was a relationship that would allow for exploration of the functioning person in the situation.

Understanding and acceptance of the client led to the client developing insight

It continued to see the role of the professional and client as one.  There continues to be an emphasis on joining the experience of the person seeking service to the provider.  Efforts to remove power and establish equality comes with the use of terms such as consumer and relational practice

Distinct Aboriginal World View

Imapct of Collaboration

Cultural Knowledge on Traditions

Empowerment

It began in the 1940's.  

It focuses on the clients ability to know him or herself to develop self awareness.

1. Every individual, group, family, and community has strengths

2. Trauma, abuse, illness, and struggle mey be injurious, but they may also be sources of challenge and opportunity.

3. Assume that you do not know the upper limits of the capacity to grow and change and take individual group and community aspirations

4. We best serve clients by collaborating with them

5. Every environment is full of resources.