Term
pharmacology: definition, what subjects is it composed of |
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Definition
study of interaction of chemicals with living systems
combines biochemistry, pathophysiology, molecular biology, microbiology, and organic chemistry |
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Term
hoq is the success of a drug measured (3) |
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Definition
insturments (BP cuff), lab tests on fluid or tissue, observation of pt symptoms |
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Term
how does a doc choose a drug? 9 criteria |
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Definition
patient population of the specility (knowledge of drugs), decide if the new drug is really bettwe, experimentation, experience, variability of the patient, lab results, emergent or non emergent results needed, patient status changes, drug interactions/multiple illnesses |
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Term
what biological differences may alter choice in drug (4) |
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Definition
body size, personal response to drug, patient preferences, age |
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Term
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Definition
substance that acts on libing systems at a chemical or molecular level |
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Term
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Definition
molecular component a drug interacts with |
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Term
define medical pharmacology |
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Definition
study of drugs for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease |
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Term
define toxicology: what is its root subject, what substances does it include |
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Definition
study of undersiable effects of chemicals on living systems
part of pharmacology
deals with industrial pollutants, organice and inorganic poisons, and other chemicals |
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Term
define pharmacodynamics: what are three types of examples of subjects within this topic |
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Definition
action of a drug in the body
receptor interactions, dose response (side effects), mechanism of theraputic and toxic action |
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Term
define pharmacokinetics: what processes does this involve |
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Definition
actions of the body on a drug
absorption, distribution, biodisposition (metabolism and excretion) |
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Term
define therapeutic inxex: what is a aka |
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Definition
margin of safety
measure of how safe a drug is |
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Term
how is the TI calculated: give equation and word definition |
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Definition
ratio of dose that causes toxicity in 50% of the population to dose that causes clinical response in 50% of the population
TI=TD50/ED50 |
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Term
explain how the number given for TI is interperteted |
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Definition
small TI is bad. if very small it could mean even putting doses too close together could cause overdose
example: TI of 10 means 10xED becomes toxic |
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Term
when is a pharmological response the greatest |
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Definition
when the concentration of the drug at the point of action is the highest |
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Term
what are the three ways to name drugs, how is each determined, which do we care about |
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Definition
chemical: molecular structure (dont care) generic: US adopted name council (comlex cares) trade: drug company (we care sometimes) |
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Term
what qualifies drug pregnacy category A |
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Definition
safe, no risk to fetus in any trimester |
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Term
what qualifies drug pregnacy category B |
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Definition
mostly safe, animal studies may show risk but human studies dont |
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Term
what qualifies drug pregnacy category C |
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Definition
unsure if safe, benifit may outweigh risk, there were no studies |
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Term
what qualifies drug pregnacy category D |
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Definition
will harm fetus, positive evidence of fetal risk, only use if benifit to mom > risk to fetus |
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Term
what are examples of drugs in category d |
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Definition
ACEI, ARBs, anticonvulsants |
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Term
what qualifies drug pregnacy category X |
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Definition
never use will harm fetus, animal or human studies show fetal abnormalities, risk always > benifit |
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Term
what are examples of drugs in category X |
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Definition
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Term
when prescribing a drug in category X at any time, what needs to be done |
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Definition
inform female patient not to get pregnant |
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Term
what is another way to say a drug harms the fetus |
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Definition
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Term
what is the purpose of the controlled substance act |
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Definition
regulate manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and use of all CNS drugs |
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Term
which drugs are an exception to the controlled substance act |
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Definition
alcohol, tobacco, and states can make more strict laws |
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Term
schedule C-I: abuse potential, when allowed and warnings, when it can be used, examples |
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Definition
highest abuse potential
no medical use allowrd, only experimental
heroin, LSD, marijuna, PCP |
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Term
schedule C-II: abuse potential, when allowed and warnings, when it can be used, examples |
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Definition
high abuse potential
may cause dependence, accepted for medical use, no refills allowed, perscription must be signed
morphine, amphetamine, fentaynl |
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Term
schedule C-III: abuse potential, when allowed and warnings, when it can be used, examples |
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Definition
moderate abuse potential
may cause moderate dependence, accepted medical use, perscription may be phoned in, no more than 5-6 refills
codine for pain, steroids, sedatives, stimulants |
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Term
schedule C-IV: abuse potential, when allowed and warnings, when it can be used, examples |
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Definition
less abuse potential
no restrictions for medical use, perscription can be phoned in, no more than 5-6 refills
benzodiazepine |
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Term
schedule C-V: abuse potential, when allowed and warnings, when it can be used, examples |
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Definition
least abuse potential
no medical restrictions, can be bought OTC sometimes
codine for cough |
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Term
what are the 4 categories of drug characteristics |
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Definition
physical, size, reactivity/bonding, shape |
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Term
what are the possible physical characterisics of drugs |
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Definition
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Term
how does the size of a drug affect its function |
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Definition
related to specific receptor
related to ability to move within the body, smaller can cross more selective barriers (BBB, placenta) |
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Term
what types of bonds to drugs use to bind to their receptors from strongest to weakest |
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Definition
covalent, ionic, hydrogen, dipole dipole, hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
covalent bond: strength, effect on drug, proportion of drugs with them |
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Definition
strong irreversible bond
not common
drug that binds covalently is long lasting because it is hard to remove |
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Term
what is the major difference in the function of strong vs weak bonds in drugs |
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Definition
strong bonds only have one bond making it more likley that they will bind something else that isnt the receptor
weak bonds have multiple bonds to the receptor, making it less likley something other than the intended receptor will have the exact configuration to accomodate all those bonds |
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Term
why is drug shape important, what is the main thing about shape we are concerned about |
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Definition
important for proper binding, chirality or steriosmerism is the most important part of shape |
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Term
what does it mean for a drug when it has multiple enatiomer possabilities |
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Definition
one will fit the receptor and will work the best, the others may be toxic, useless, too susceptible to metabolism |
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