Term
| What are a majority of police officers assigned to? |
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Definition
patrol
- patrol involves the most discretion
- least desirable assignment
seen as hazardous and/or boring |
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Term
| patrolling is what part of a police officers career? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| automobile - bicycle - motorcycle - foot |
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Term
| random/preventative patrol |
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Definition
no set pattern
patrol beats
based on citizens calls and reported crimes
extra patrol - kansas city preventative patrol experiment |
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Term
| Robert Peel's functions of police patrol |
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Definition
deter crime
public safety
availability of services |
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Term
| directed or aggressive patrol |
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Definition
a combination of community policing and problem-oriented policing that targets areas with a specific offense type and high crime areas.
- residual deterrent effects
- diffusion of benefits
- hot spots |
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Term
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Definition
first responders
calls for service
self initiated activities
administrative activities |
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Term
| processing calls for service |
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Definition
communication center operators
- obtain information from callers
- makes decision about appropriate response to the call/operators ask questions of callers and operators assess situations
- exercise tremendous discretion/operators decide how many and which officers to dispatch |
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Term
| Operator-Citizens interactions |
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Definition
citizens need to provide operators as much accurate information as possible.
- interactions are lengthy, many questions asked
- some questions are seen as a threat to caller's untrustworthiness
- some questions are viewed as a threat to caller's personal character and judgement
- patrol officers responding to calls experience uncertainty |
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Term
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Definition
response time
discovery time
reporting time
processing time
travel time |
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Term
| reasons why citizens delay calling |
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Definition
need to verify crime occurred
regain composure
call a friend or family member first
decide whether to involve police
telephone not immediately available |
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Term
patrol efforts to combat driving behavior
(s.u.r.d.a.d) |
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Definition
enforcing traffic laws
- speeding
- use of seat belts
- red-light running
- distracted drivers
- aggressive driving and road rage
- driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs |
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Term
| most common type of force used by suspects |
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Definition
striking out and hitting an officer - 44%
pushing or pulling the officers - 27%
grabbing or holding the officer - 20% |
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Term
| officers were most likely to be injured when |
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Definition
more than one officer was involved
the suspect used bodily force as opposed to a weapon
the suspect was under arrest or was fighting with the officers
the suspect was sober |
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Term
factors affecting the delivery of patrol services
(p.a.n.d.o.w) |
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Definition
police-population ratio
assignment to patrol
number of sworn officers
distribution of patrol officers
one versus two officers cars
work styles of officers |
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Term
| most police-citizen interactions are? |
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Definition
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Term
| studying patrol is difficult and expensive due to |
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Definition
| decentralized nature of the job |
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Term
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Definition
| on any given night, no officer is available for many patrol beats |
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Term
| standards for systematic social observation |
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Definition
designed to provide accurate, representative picture
trained observers follow the officer everywhere the officer goes
take field notes and officer can then read |
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Term
Kansas City Patrol Experiment
- research questions |
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Definition
several hypotheses were developed
1 - would citizens notice changes in the level of police patrol
2 - would different levels of police patrol affect the level of crime, as measure by UCR data or victimization data?
3 - would different levels of patrol affect citizens fear of crime and if so would there be any changes in behavior or lifestyle?
4 - would different levels of patrol affect citizen satisfaction with a police? |
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Term
Kansas City Patrol Experiment
- design of the study |
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Definition
control group 5: beats with no change to police behavior
reactive group 5: beats with all preventative patrolling eliminated
proactive group 5: beats with 2-3 times the level of normal patrol |
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Term
Kansas City Police Experiment
- results |
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Definition
changes in level of patrol had no significant effect on crime.
changes in level of patrol had no significant effect on feelings of safety.
no significant changes in citizens' behavior due to perceptive changes in policing behavior.
changes in the level of patrol had no impact on citizens' attitudes toward police |
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Term
Kansas City Police Experiment
- why did changes in patrol have no impact on crime and perceptions? |
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Definition
patrol is spread so thin.
patrolling may not deter crime - indoors and impulsive acts.
"phantom effect" or residual deterrence
did not look at what officers actually did - only level of patrol |
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Term
| The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment |
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Definition
initiated due to the findings from the kansas city experiment - patrolling in cars.
the effects of varying levels of foot patrol on crime, arrest rates, and community attitudes.
similar design as the kansas city experiment: beats with additional foot patrol, beats less foot patrol, control beats |
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Term
The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment
- results |
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Definition
additional foot patrol did not reduce serious crime.
citizens were aware of the different levels of foot patrol.
citizens in the areas with additional foot patrol noticed a decrease in the severity crime problems.
positive attitudes from citizens and foot patrol officers. |
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Term
| Minneapolis Hot Spot Experiment |
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Definition
focus preventative patrol in the "hot spots" of crime (questioned the kansas city experiment findings)
focused on areas where crime is most concentrated:
- more calls for service and very high crime rate
- 5% of addresses - 64% of calls
- 60% of addresses - never call
more patrol led to fewer crime calls and less observations of disorder in places with much more patrol |
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Term
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Definition
crime prophylactic model
police knowledge model
social work model
community cooperation model |
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Term
| reasons for calling the police |
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Definition
maintain social boundary
relieve unpleasant situation
counterpunching
obtain an emergency service |
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Term
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Definition
most common type of order maintenance
dangerous for police officers
drunk driving crackdowns |
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Term
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Definition
risk of being arrested for drunk driving is low
probability of stopping drunk driving is limited
arrest time is consuming |
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Term
| policing domestic disputes |
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Definition
| domestic disturbances involve "two or more people engaged in an intimate relationship" (married or divorced couples, live-in-lovers, people on a first date, adults and children, or adults and elderly parents) |
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Term
policing domestic disputes
- prevalence and trend |
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Definition
33% of those cases involve violence
13% of all wives have experiences domestic violence
- 1/3 have experienced severe violence
from 1993-2007, intimate partner violence decreased substantially |
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Term
policing domestic disputes
- calling the police |
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Definition
many domestic violence victims do not call the police.
non-white, low-income people call more frequently.
middle-class women seek assistance from private sectors.
middle-class women more likely economically dependent on spouse. |
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Term
police response to domestic violence
- police responses
(s.m.a.r.n) |
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Definition
separating the parties
mediation
arrest
referral to social service agencies
no action at all |
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Term
police response to domestic violence
- factors influencing arrest decision
(l.a.d.d.m.v.p) |
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Definition
low value places on domestic violence arrests.
arrest requires work.
domestic violence arrests are dismissed.
disrespect to police.
mandatory arrest policies.
- arrest for felonious assault
victims request no arrest.
private matter. |
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Term
| police response to domestic violence |
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Definition
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Term
Police response to domestic violence
- viewpoints in the debate |
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Definition
traditionally, police did as little as possible.
police should mediate or arbitrate disputes.
should be subjected to arrest. |
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Term
| the minneapolis experiment |
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Definition
the first scientifically controlled test of the effects of arrest.
addressed how police should respond to misdemeanor cases of domestic violence.
arrest, give advice, sent away from the house for eight hours. |
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Term
| the minneapolis experiment results |
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Definition
characteristics of the participants:
unmarried couples.
lower than average education couples.
minority and mixed couples.
prior incidents involving police intervention.
- these results find that arrest produced lower rates of repeat violence against women. |
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Term
| replication of the minneapolis experiment |
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Definition
colorado springs, atlanta, milwaukee, and omaha
- arrest had no deterrent effect
milwaukee, omaha, colorado springs - arrest escalated violence for unemployed individuals
arrest laws and policies varies today - mandatory, preferred, officers discretion. |
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Term
| policing and prostitution |
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Definition
victimless crime
250,000 full time prostitutes serving 1.5 million customers per week.
streetwalkers, bar girls, skeezers, brothel prostitutes, call girls.
goals of arrest - confine and deter.
legal problems for police - entrapment, equal protection, selective enforcement. |
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Term
| policing and the homeless |
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Definition
aprox 400,000 individuals.
new homeless includes more families with more women and children.
strategies today are not very different from strategies in the past.
- reactive strategies
- involves containment
proactive strategies? referrals and donations |
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