Term
| Describe the relationship between a DNA molecule and a Gene |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a gene in molecular terms |
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Definition
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Term
| How is information stored in nucleic acid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The process by which we get information out of genes
DNA → RNA → Protein
Gene expression happens in two fundamental steps in the following order: Transcription → Translation |
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Term
| Major steps in the process of transcription |
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Definition
- Initiation - Figuring out where to start reading DNA and actually begin making RNA
- Elongation - make the full length mRNA transcript
- Termination - stop transcribing, mRNA is complete
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Term
| Main molecules involved in transcription |
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Definition
- Promoter
- RNA polymerase
- bacteria
- eukaryotes
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Term
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Definition
Start signal for the gene
Directly required for the initiation of translation |
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Definition
- Reads one strand of DNA and builds the mRNA
- cannot bind to the promoter on its own, and so only binds when certain transcription factors are present
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Term
| ?Bacteria in Transcription |
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Definition
| Provides termination sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that cut the transcription free |
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Term
| What is accomplished during the process of transcription |
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Definition
| mRNA is decoded by the ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide that will later fold into an active protein |
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Term
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Definition
- Initiation
- elongation
- termination
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Term
| Main molecules involved in translation |
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Definition
- Codons
- amino acids
- polypeptides
- ribosome
- tRNA
- Anticodon
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Term
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Definition
mRNA triplets
read in 5' --> 3' direction |
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Term
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Definition
An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups
Serve as monomers of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a polymer chain of many amino acids linked together my peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
- Facilitates the coupling of mRNA codons with tRNA anticodons
- provides a physical site for translation in which all the participating molecules find their proper spatial arrangement
- catalyzes formation for peptide bonds
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Term
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Definition
- Transfer RNA
- RNA molecule that brings amino acids into the ribosome
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Term
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Definition
| A unit made up of 3 nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA. Each tRNA brings a specific anticodon triplet sequence that can base-pair to one or more codons for an amino acid. |
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Term
| What is accomplished during the process of translation |
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Definition
| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule, involving a change of language from neucleotides to amino acids |
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Term
| RNA molecules involved in Gene expression |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the RNA transcript produced initially during transcription in eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| messenger RNA; the processed RNA transcript molecules that will actually be translated |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomal RNA; RNA that forms the structure of the ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA amino acid coding and translation between DNA and RNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation which replaces an entire codon in a DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation in which a single amino acid is replaced with another base |
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Term
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Definition
- Obligate intracellular paracitic particles that infect cells
- nucleic acids with protein coats.
- Nucleic acids hold instructions for creating more viruses
- most have a well-defined host range
- not considered to be living things
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a new virus is formed, and during which mutations can occur, leading to the production of new viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| protein coat which encloses the nucleic acid of a virus particle |
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Term
| How to bacterial and eukaryotic genes differ |
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Definition
| Bacteria do not carry Introns, while Eukaryotes do |
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Term
| What do Genes, Codons, enhancesrs, and promoters all have in common? |
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Definition
| They are all defined by the sequence of nucleotides they contain |
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Term
| Where does hydrogen bonding in nucleotides play a direct role? |
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Definition
- Transcription
- Translation
- the shapes of proteins
- codon-anticodon matching
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Term
| During Translation, what establishes the reading frame |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the single most important step to regulate in the regulation of gene expression? |
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Definition
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Term
Most general, common theme of gene regulation exemplified by both bacteria and eukaryotes?
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Definition
| Proteins interact with DNA to regulate transcription |
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Term
| Why do operons enable bacteria to turn multiple genes on or off simultaneously? |
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Definition
- Multiple genes are served by one promoter
- a single mRNA transcript from an operon can contain instructions for making multiple proteins
- a repressor protein bound at the operator can turn off all the operon's genes
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Term
Multicellular organisms need gene regulation in order to....
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Definition
- Grow
- build functional organs
- repair damaged tissues
- develop from embryo to adult
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Term
| How would you document that evolution is occuring in a population? |
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Definition
| measure changes in genes or heritable traits over time |
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Term
| Relationship between evolution and evolutionary Theory? |
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Definition
| evloutionary theory is an explanatory framework for understanding observed patterns, processes, and products of evolution |
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Term
| What is most generally favored by natural selection |
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Definition
| Producing greater numbers of offspring |
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Term
| How is viral gene expression unique? |
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Definition
| they use the RNA of the host cell to create more DNA, violating the central dogma |
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