Term
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Definition
-Amino Acids
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of a chiral carbon that is bonded to an α-carboxyl, a proton, an α-amino, and a R-group. Joined by peptide bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
Formula: (CH2O)n
Linear or ring structure (can only be ring if 4-5 carbons are present).
Oligosacharides contain a small number (up to 20) of sugars linked by glycosidic bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
-Fatty acids: have terminal carboxyl group.
Carbons numbered from carboxyl as α, β, γ, δ...
Carbons numbered from end opposite to carboxyl as ω1, ω2, ω3....
Ionized carboxyl is a salt, and has a name that ends in -ate.
-Sterols
4-rings combined with a hydrocarbon tail. Hydrophobic except for hydroxyl group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of a 1-3 phosphate groups on 5' carbon, a sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base on the 1' carbon. Ribose has hydroxyl groups on both 3' and 2' carbons, deoxyribose only has hydroxyl on 3' carbon. Named after nitrogenous base and number of phosphates (e.g. Adenosine Diphosphate or Guanosine Triphosphate). Phosphate groups are joined by phosphoanhydride bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Just consist of a sugar and a nitrogenous base. Named after nitrogenous base (e.g. Adenosine or Uridine). |
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Term
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Definition
| Phosphate group on one nucleotide links to 3' carbon on another nucleotide (the bond linking first phosphate to the other two breaks). DNA strand can only be added to from the 3' end. |
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Term
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Definition
Adenine (purine) - Thymine (pyrimidine)
Guanine (purine) - Cytosine (pyrimidine) |
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Term
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Definition
A DNA: 11 bases/turn. 34Å pitch and 26Å across. Right handed.
B DNA: 10 bases/turn. 34Å pitch and 20Å across. Right handed.
Z DNA: 12 bases/turn. 44Å pitch and 18Å across. Left handed.
Rise: distance between adjacent base pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
-Contains ribose.
-Uracil replaces thymidine.
-Single-stranded.
-May form "hybrid" with DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
ATP-AMP releases 3x the energy of ATP-ADP.
ATP forms a high energy intermediate that causes a reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP can be converted to pyruvate and ATP by pyruvate kinase. PEP contains high energy phosphate bond (-62kJ/mol). Used in glycolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phosphogen (molecule that is used to store energy). Creatine kinase adds a phosphate to creatine (converts ATP and creatine into ADP and phosphocreatine). (kinase = phosphorylates). Creatine phosphotase can reverse reaction. |
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Term
| Different Forms of Nucleotide Triphosphates |
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Definition
| ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP, TTP. Any one can be converted into any other. Some reactions need triphosphates other than ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer protons and electrons between reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (phosphate).
Can pick up 1 proton.
NAD+ and NADP+ are reduced in catabolism.
NADH is then converted to NAD+ in the e- transport chain (catabolism). NADPH is converted to NADP+ in anabolism. In the cell, NAD+ is in greater quantities than NADH and NADPH in greater quantities than NADP+.
NAD+ can carry e-/protons to other locations.
NADP+ has a phosphate group on the sugar that carries the adenine. Synthesized from niacin. Structure consists of adenosine linked to a ribose with a nicatinamide base (NADP+ has a phosphate group on the 2' sugar of the adenosine). Proton is added to nicatinamide base. |
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Term
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Definition
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (phosphate).
Can pick up 2 protons.
Semiquinone = when only 1 proton is carried.
Much stronger oxidizing agent than NAD+, can steal e- from NAD+.
Cannot transport e-/protons.
Has an adenine dinucleotide and a three member ring with nitrogens on it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal phosphoryl group of ATP has less e- sharing than inorganic phosphate. This makes it more stable and able to give more energy. |
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Definition
| Pyrimidines can be modified for medical use. Uracil can be converted to fluorouracil which, if taken up by cancerous cells will stop DNA replication at that point. |
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Definition
| Inhibits the enzyme xanthene dehydrogenase. Which, in turn, stops the buildup of uric acid (causes gout). |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified nucleotides that cause shortened DNA chains since they lack a 3' hydroxyl and cannot be added to (are known as chain terminators). Acyclovir, AZT, and Zalcitabine. |
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