Term
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Definition
Reference pt. for describing posture, joint motion, and location of structures
Refers to body position as if the person were standing upright
Body Position:
-head facing anteriorly & in midline
-arms adjacent to sides with palms facing anteriorly
-lower extremities close together with feet parallel & toes anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical plane that is perpendicular to sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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Term
| Transverse (Horizontal) Plane |
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Definition
| Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
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Term
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Definition
| higher or above or toward the upper part of the body (head) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower or below or toward the lower part of the body (sole of the foot) |
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Term
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Definition
| Closer to the head than another structure toward the head |
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Term
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Definition
closer to the tailbone than another structure;
usually refers to structures on the trunk** |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the front surface of the body |
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Term
| Posterior (dorsal, dorsum) |
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Definition
| Toward the back of the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Closer to the point of attachment or reference pt |
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Term
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Definition
| further away from the origin or reference pt |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs on both sides of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure |
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Term
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Definition
| something occurring on the opposite side of the body as another structure |
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Term
| What are the 2 major classification of joints? |
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Definition
1.Synarthroses (non-synovial)
2.diarthroses (synovial) |
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Term
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Definition
defined as "non-synovial" and "barely movable"
the two joint surfaces are connected by connective tissue |
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Term
| Syndesmosis or fibrous joint |
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Definition
type of joint held together by strong ligamentous structures
allow min. movement between bones
ex - coracoclavicular joint & inferior tibiofibular joint |
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Term
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Definition
type of joint separated by hyaline or fibrocartilage
-permits slight to moderate movement while providing stability/mobility
ex - chondrosternal, pubic symphasis, intervertebral joints |
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Term
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Definition
Freely movable
5 components:
1. fibrous joint capsule
2. joint cavity
3. synovial membrane
4. synovial fluid
5. articular (hyaline) cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleevelike covering of ligamentous tissue that surrounds the bony ends forming the joints composed of fibrous capsule & synovial membrane |
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Term
How are diarthroses (synovial joints) classified?
2 ways |
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Definition
1. Shape of articulating surface
2. movements permitted |
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Term
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Definition
Permits a wide range of movement only in 1 plane
- ex: ankle, elbow (humeroulnar) |
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Term
| Ball and socket (spheroidal) |
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Definition
type of joint that permits movement in ALL planes
-ex: glenohumeral and hip joints |
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Term
| Bicondylar (modified hinge) |
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Definition
same characteristics as hinge, except there is slight rotation when knee is flexed
by shape:
2 convex condyles on one surface and 2 concave condyles on the other > "bi" condylar |
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Term
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Definition
this type of joint has a rotational movement around a long axis
-ex:rotation of the radius @ the radioulnar joint |
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Term
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Definition
this type of reciprocal reception is found only in the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
by shape:
-trapezium has concave & convex parts to it > reason it acts as a "saddle" |
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Term
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Definition
this type of joint has 2 flat surfaces that are against each other
-limited to gliding movement
-ex: carpal bones of the wrist & tarsometatarsal joint of foot
by shape:
-formed by 2 "flat" surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
type of joint in which the bones permit movement in 2 planes without rotation
-ex: 2-5th metacarpophalangeal joints
by shape:
formed by oval convex surface that articulates with an elliptical concave surface |
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Term
| Types of diarthrosis (synovial joints) |
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Definition
1. Hinge (ginglymus)
2. Ball and Socket (spheroidal)
3. Bicondylar (modified hinge)
4. Trochoid (pivot)
5. Saddle (Sellar)
6. Planar
7. ellipsoidal (condyloid) |
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Term
| Movements within different planes? |
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Definition
rotation about an axis produces motion in a plane that is PERPENDICULAR to that axis
- ex: tire and axis |
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Term
| Diarthrodial Joints classified by movement |
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Definition
1. Uniaxial - motion occurs in 1 plane around 1 axis
2. Biaxial - motion occurs in 2 planes around 2 axes
3. multiaxial - free to move around 3 planes & 3 axes |
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Term
| Accessory structures to a joint |
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Definition
-Meniscus/fibrocartilaginous discs
-Bursa = fluid filled sac that is near bone to reduce friction & provide cushion
-Labrum = fibrous tissue around periphery of fossa; helps deepen the joint
-Fat pad = located around joints & often within joint capsule
-Ligaments = connect bone to bone
-Tendons = muscle to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| gross motion controlled through active muscle contraction |
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Term
| Examples of osteokinematics |
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Definition
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Adduction
Abduction |
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Term
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Definition
-Movement that occurs at the joint surface during the osteokinematic motion that is controlled by internal forces
-Usually one joint surface is more stable, and serves as basis of motion to occur
-Small movements that occur within the joints themselves |
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Term
| Arthrokinematic Motion - Kaltenborn's Rule |
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Definition
Concave on convex
-When the convex surface is fixed and the concave surface is moving on it, roll & glide occur in the SAME direction
Convex on concave
-When the concave surface is fixed and the convex surface is moving on it, roll & glide occur in OPPOSITE directions |
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Term
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Definition
-Derived from greek words "gonia" = angle and "metron" = measure
-It is the "measurement of angles created at human joints by the bones of the body" |
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Term
| Common uses of goiniometry |
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Definition
-Diagnostic implications
-Assists in assessment of condition
-Objective measurement of treatment goals
-Treatment modifications
-Motivation
-Research
-Fabricate orthoses/equipment |
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Term
| Goniometer Instrumentation: |
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Definition
-Universal goniometer
-Bubble Inclinometer |
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Term
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Definition
| AROM is the unrestricted ROM that is produced by active contraction of the muscles crossing that joint |
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Term
| Information obtained from AROM? |
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Definition
-Estimate of AROM
-Movements that increase or decrease pain
-Patient's willingness to move
-Coordination
-Level of consciousness
-Attention span
-Muscle strength
-Ability to perform functional tasks |
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Term
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Definition
-Smooth, regardless of speed
-Full range
-Pain free |
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Term
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Definition
-Restricted joint mobility
-Weakness
-Decreased muscle length
-Pain
-Injury to area
-Unwillingness to move
-Inability to follow instructions |
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Term
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Definition
Important:
-Quality of movement
-Compensations/substitution
-Amount of movement
-Patient reaction |
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Term
| What should examiner ask during AROM |
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Definition
-Do symptoms occur?
-Do symptoms change during motion?
-Where do symptoms occur?
-Are the symptoms the same as the chief complaint? |
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Term
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Definition
PROM = movement that occurs within unrestricted range of the joint and is produced entirely by an external force
-normally more than AROM |
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Term
| Information obtained through PROM assessment includes: |
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Definition
-Amt of movement available at joint
-Quality of motion
-End feel
-Presence/absence of capsular pattern
-Pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Quality of resistance to movement that an examiner feels at the end of a passive movement performed by the examiner |
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Term
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Definition
-Bony approximation
-Tissue stretch - normal feel of mm & capsule at end of ROM
-Soft tissue approximation |
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Term
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Definition
1. Empty - painful and patient doesn't want to go further or muscle guarding/resisting
2. Bony - end feel is bony when normally in this joint it wouldn't be
3. Capsular (early in ROM) - tissue stretch before normal
4. Springy block - lose body in the joint (ex-meniscal tears)
5. Spasm/hard - muscle spasm, no bone in area to cause hard end feel; normal then feels really hard |
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Term
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Definition
-Fx or dislocation
-Immediately following surgical repair of tendons, ligaments, muscle, joints (condition specific, so not ALWAYS a contraindication!!!!)
-Presence of myositis ossificans - soft tissue injured and bleeds causing a hematoma, this hardens and bone forms |
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Term
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Definition
-Inflammatory process
-Assessing hypermobile joints
-Marked osteoporosis
-Patient on pain meds or muscle relaxants
-Pain during ROM
-Regions of hematoma
-Assessing joints that are ankylosed - tight/stiff
-Immediately following injury where soft tissue disruption has occured |
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Term
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Definition
-Position of athlete
-Position of ATC
-Stabilization
-Alignment of goniometer
-Handling of goniometer
-Interpreting & reading goniometer
-Recording data |
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Term
| Athlete Position when Assessing ROM |
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Definition
-Position depends on joint to be measured
-AROM measured against gravity
-Place joint @ zero degrees (if able)
-Stabilize proximal to joint being measured
-Min. patient movement between ROM measures
-Maintain patient decency
*Be sure to make note of positions because you may get different measurements depending on the athlete's position |
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