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Definition
| - Largest part of the human brain - center of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
thin (1/8 of an inch), highly convoluted layer of gray matter that covers surface of cerebrum
- comprises over 40% of brain matter |
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| Cerebral nuclei (basal nuclei) |
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Definition
| several masses of gray matter embedded deep within the underlying white matter |
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| 4 main lobes of cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital |
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Definition
| interconnects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum |
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| separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
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| divides cerebrum into two cerebral hemispheres |
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| ridges of the cerebral cortex |
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| grooves of the cerebral cortex |
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separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
- a.k.a."Fissure of Rolando" |
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| separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes |
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Definition
| connect corresponding areas in the two hemispheres |
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| transmit info within a single hemisphere |
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| makes connections with other parts of the brain |
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Definition
Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
- plays important role in helping to monitor and regulate muscle movements |
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Definition
| heavily pigmented nucleus within the mid-brain |
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Definition
| important inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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| Damage to the basal nuclei causes: |
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Definition
| muscular movement abnormalities, such as tremors, and disturbances in posture and muscle tone |
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| 3 Fibers of the white matter |
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Definition
| Commissural, Association, and Projection |
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Definition
- located deep within the temperal lobe
- structurally associatied with the basal nuclei, but funtionally part of the limbic system
- involved in converting short-term memories into long-term memory |
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Definition
- "almond"
- functions as the center for identification of danger
- controls the expression of strong responses to danger such as fear, rage,and aggression |
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Definition
| discrete area of the cerebral cortex where specific sensory and motor functions are localized |
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| Crossing over of the major nerve tracts causes |
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Definition
| each hemisphere to be concerned with sensory and motor functions on the opposite side of the body |
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Definition
- in the pre-central gyrus
- controls the movement of specific skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body |
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Term
| Motor Association Area (pre-motor) |
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Definition
- located immediately anterior to the pre-central gyrus
- controls learned motor skills that involve repetitious patterns
- damage to this area will cause the individual to have to relearn certain skills that require repetitious and coordinated contractions |
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Term
| Broca's Area (Speech Area) |
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Definition
- located in the lower part of the frontal lobe (usually in left hemisphere)
- damage to this area often results in the inability to articulate words (aphasia) |
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Definition
| a corresponding area in the hemisphere opposite Broca's area |
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Definition
| controls voluntary movements of the eye |
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| Where are the motor areas located? |
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Definition
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Definition
- located in the post-central gyrus of each parietal lobe
- sensory neurons in this area enable us to be aware of the body region being stimulated (spatial discrimination) |
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Definition
| - located at the back of each occipital lobe - damage to visual cortex usually results in functional blindness |
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Definition
| - located near the upper edge of each temporal lobe |
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Definition
| located on the inner surface of each temporal lobe in a small lobe-like structure called the uncus |
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Definition
| give rise to specific sensations |
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Definition
| special areas of the cerebral cortex that enable us to make sense of what we feel, see, hear, etc. |
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Definition
- located in the occipital lobe
- if damaged, the individual will not be able to recognize the things they see |
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| 2 Important General Association Areas |
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Definition
| Prefrontal Cortex and Gnostic Area |
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Definition
- located in the front part of each frontal lobe
- involved with personality |
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| Gnostic Area (Wernike's Area) |
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Definition
- located in the parietal lobe
- important in understanding and grasping concepts
- damage will cause individual to become an imbecile |
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Definition
- dominant for language
- has greater control over mathematical abilities and logic
- for over 90% of people, the left hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere |
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Definition
| - involved in intuition and artistic functions |
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| How do the dominant hemisphere and the opposite hemisphere communicate? |
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Definition
| through connecting tracts in the corpus callosum |
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Definition
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Definition
| involves transient changes in the electrical potential of certain nerve cells |
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Definition
| - involves actual physical changes in the shape of certain neurons resulting in changes in neural pathways, thus forming a memory trace(memory engram) |
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Definition
| conscious recollection of previous experiences and information |
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Definition
| previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of the previous experience |
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Definition
- "emotional brain"
- gives rise to strong emotions like fear,anger, love, pleasure, etc. |
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Term
| Main limbic structures of the diencephalon |
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Definition
| hypothalamus and thalamus |
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Term
| Limbic structures in the cerebrum |
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Definition
| olfactory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and fornix |
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Definition
| carries info from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus |
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Definition
- "reward rheostat"
- stimulated by the neurotransmitter dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional illness induced by disrupting the coordination between endocrine and nervous control |
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Definition
| temporarily disables the system that removes dopamine from the nucleus accumbens |
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Definition
- a gyrus located on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere just above the corpus collosum (deep in the longitudinal fissure)
- functions as a link between emotion and cognition
- controls certain emotion-related facial movements, like the smile
- abnormal and excessive activity is associated with compulsive-obsessive disorder (COD) |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
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Definition
- intricate system of loosely clustered neurons distributed throughout white matter tracts in the brain stem
- extends throughout the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain |
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Term
| Two main functions of the RAS |
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Definition
| to arouse the cerebrum and to act as a sensory filter for info entering the brain |
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Definition
- located in the hypothalamus
- inhibits the activity of the RAS |
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Definition
| incapable of mitotic division (irreplaceable) |
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| 4 Ways the Brain is Protected |
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Definition
1) the cranial bones
2) the meninges
3) the cerebro-spinal fluid
4) the blood-brain barrier |
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Definition
- strong, flat bones held together by interlocking joints called sutures
- curved shape of cranium makes it self-bracing |
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Term
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Definition
| - three membranes that cover and protect the CNS - dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
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Definition
- inflammation of the meninges
- may allow bacteria or viruses to spread into the CNS |
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Definition
| inward extensions or folds that anchor the brain to the cranial bones |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
- found in subarachnoid space, ventricles of the brain, cerebral aquaduct, and central canal of spinal cord
- cushions the brain, helps nourish the brain, and drains away metabolic wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| frond-like masses of thin-walled blood capillaries located on the inner surface of the ventricles |
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Term
| Total volume of CSF in average adult |
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Definition
- 150 ml (1/2 cup)
- replaced about every four hours |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction of the CSF circulation causing pressure to be exerted on the brain, leading to destruction of sensitive neurons |
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Term
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Definition
- important in protecting the brain from many harmful substances
- capillaries are joined together by tight junctions, which make them much less porous and permeable
- ineffective against fats, fatty acids, and fat soluble molecules |
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Term
| 4 major advances of the nervous system |
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Definition
1) Nerve Nets
2) Ganglia
3) Superganglia
4) Brains |
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Term
| Difference in brains of lower vertebrates compared to humans |
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Definition
| In lower vertebrates, areas devoted to smell and vision are dominant. In the human, cerebral hemispheres (particularly areas associated with associative functions) form the bulk. |
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Definition
| small mass of neuron cell bodies from which axons can extend as nerves |
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Definition
| formed by the fusion of several ganglia to form "primitive brain" |
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Definition
- fluid-filled tubular structure that is the first part of the nervous system
- first step in the development of the brain |
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Term
| 3 swellings of the neural tube |
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Definition
| prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhomencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to the cerebrum and the diencephalon |
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Definition
| gives rise to the mid-brain |
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Definition
| gives rise to the cerebellum and most of the brain stem |
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Term
| Fluid-filled cavity at center of neural tube |
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Definition
| gives rise to the ventricles of the brain |
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Term
| 3 primary regions of the brain |
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Definition
| forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of cerebrum and hippocampus |
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Definition
| consists of the pons and cerebellum |
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| 3 structural differences between the male and female brain |
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Definition
| the corpus callosum is thicker in females, the amygdala is larger in males, and the hippocampus is larger in females |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetic resonance imaging |
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Term
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Definition
| positron-emission tomagraphy |
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Term
| Who has more communicating fibers b/w the 2 cerebral hemispheres? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "cerebro-vascular accident" |
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Term
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Definition
- condition that involves impairment of the brain's control of motor functions
- usually caused by blockage of a cerebral blood vessel prior to birth
- affects 1 in every 1000 births
- causes seizures and learning disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
- caused by degeneration of neurons in the substancia nigra and the basal nuclei that produce dopamine
- strikes in 50's and 60's
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Term
| Treatment for Parkinson's |
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Definition
- Levadopa
- transplantation of dopamine producing fetal brain tissue into patients brain |
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Term
| Possible causes of Parkinson's |
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Definition
- frequent blows to the head
- exposure to certain chemicals
- inheritance |
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Term
| Structural changes in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's |
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Definition
- neurofibrillar tangles
- neuritic placques |
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Term
| Symptoms associated with Alzheimer's |
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Definition
| shortened attention span, memory loss, disorientation, confusion, and personality changes |
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| Neurotransmitter that declines in individuals with Alzheimer's |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can some drugs cross the blood-brain barrier? |
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Definition
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| Areas of the brain affected by alcohol |
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Definition
| reticular formation, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Chronic alcohol use causes |
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Definition
| damage to frontal lobes, decrease in size of the brain, lower IQ, and memory impairment |
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Term
| 3 neurotransmitters affected by cocaine |
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Definition
| dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin |
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| Neurological problems associated with cocaine abuse |
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Definition
| movement problems, anxiety, depression, and hallucinations |
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| Hallucinogenic substances found in certain mushrooms |
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