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| Scientific Study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| And integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors. |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| Socially shared beliefs - widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Help us make sense of the world. |
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| An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. |
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| Testable proposition describing a relationship that may exist between two variables |
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| Research done in natural, real life settings outside the laboratory |
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| Study of naturally occurring relationships among variables |
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| Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (Independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant). |
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| Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| The way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions |
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| The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates |
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| The variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable |
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| Process of assigning participants to conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition |
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| Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations. |
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| Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its' participants. |
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| In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes |
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| Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected. |
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| Ethical principle requiring research participants to be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. |
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| In social psych, the post experimental explanation of a study to its participants |
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| Belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are. |
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| Illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others |
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| A person's answers to the concept, "Who am I?" |
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| Beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self relevant information |
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| Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future |
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| Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others |
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| Concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. |
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| Giving priority to the group's goals and defining one's identity accordingly. |
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| Construing one's identity in relation to others |
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| tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task |
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| Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion causing events |
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| Human tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of the 'psychological immune system' which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen |
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| Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same abject. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits |
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| Person's overall self-evaluation of self worth |
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| A sense that one is competent and effective. |
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| Extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces. |
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| The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events |
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| Tendency to perceive oneself favorably |
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| Self-serving attributions |
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| Form of self-serving bias; tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors |
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| Adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action |
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| Tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors |
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| Tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors. |
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| Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group). |
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| Protecting one's self image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure |
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| Act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals |
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| Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression |
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| Activating particular associations in memory |
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| Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives |
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| Incorporating 'false information' into one's memory of the event after witnessing and event and receiving misleading information about it |
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| "Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective and conscious |
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| "Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to "intuition" |
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| Overconfidence Phenomenon |
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| Tendency to be more confident than correct - overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs. |
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| Tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
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| Tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member |
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| Cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something can come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace |
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| Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't |
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| Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists |
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| Regression towards the average |
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| Statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average |
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| Theory of how people explain others' behavior - for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations |
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| Dispositional attribution |
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| Attributing behavior to the person's disposition traits |
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| Attributing behavior to the environment |
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| Spontaneous trait inference |
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| Effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior. (Also called correspondence bias) |
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| Self conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. Makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions. |
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| Type of self fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. |
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| Favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one's beliefs, and exhibited in one's feelings and intended behavior). |
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