Term
|
Definition
our evaluations of objects, events, ideas
shaped by social context, plays an important role in how we evaluate/interact with people
can be conditioned and are also shaped through socialization
more stronger/personally relevant an attitude is, more likely it will predict behavior, be consistent over time, and be resistant to change
more specific the attitude is, more predictive it is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greater exposure to an item [and greater familiarity] causes people to have more positive attitudes abou the item |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ease with which memories related to an attitude are retrieved
predicts behavior consistent with the attitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those you know/can report to other people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
influence our feelings/behaviors at an unconscious level
access these quickly with little conscious effort/control, shape our behavior without or awareness
involve brain regions associated w/ implicit memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when there is a contradiction between tow attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior
can cause anxiety/tension, motivates people to reduce dissonance and relieve displeasure by changing attitudes/behaviors, rationalize/trivialize discrepancies
holding positive attitudes about two options and having to choose just one of them causes dissonance |
|
|
Term
| postdecisional dissonance |
|
Definition
example: trying to pick a collage
motivates the person to focus on one school [the chosen school's] positive aspects and the other school's negative aspects
occurs without our awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active and conscious effort to change attitudes through transmission of a message |
|
|
Term
| elaboration likelihood model |
|
Definition
persuasion works via two ways:
1) central route: people pay attention to arguments, consider all the info, use rational cognitive processes leading them to strong attitude that last over time/resistant to change
2) peripheral route: people minimally process the message , leading to impulsive action
cues that influence persuasiveness: source [who delivers message], content [what msg says], receiver [who processes the message]
credible/attractive sources are most persuasive or when receiver sees source as similarto own self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
facial expressions, gestures, walking style, mannerisms, movements by which oen communicates w/ other [body language]
face: communicates emotional state, interest, distrust; eye contact is also important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people can make accurate judgments based only on a few seconds of observations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people's casual explanations for events or actions
we draw inferences by a basic need for order/predictability, we think things happen for a reason and therefore can anticipate future events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thinking a certain way in order to justify something happening to you
make mistreatment seem more understandible/justified and make the world seem safer/saner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
internal/dispositional attributions
explanations that refer to things within people, like abilities, traits, moods, or efforts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
external attributions
refer to outside events, such as weather, lucks, accidents, others' actions |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cognitive schemas that help us organize information about people on the basis of their membership in certain groups
mental shortcuts allow for easy, fast processing of social information
occurs automatically, stereotypes affect impression formation
guide attention toward information that confirms stereotypes and away from disconfirming evidence; memories are biased to match stereotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category instead of altering the stereotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own/other's expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affective/attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes, involves negative judgments about people based on group membership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unjustified/inappropriate treatment of people as a result of prejudice |
|
|
Term
| outgroup homogeneity effect |
|
Definition
| people tend to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members |
|
|
Term
| outgroup homogeneity effect |
|
Definition
| people tend to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people will more likely distribute resources to ingroup members than to outgroup members, people are more willing to do favors for ingroup members or to forgive their mistakes or errors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of others leads to increase arousal, which favors the dominant response: if this is the correct response, performance is enhanced, if its the incorrect response, performance suffers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people's efforts are pooled so that no one individual feels personally responsible for the group's output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when people are not self aware and are not paying attention to personal standards
when self-awareness disappears, so do restraints
especially likely to become deindividuated when they are aroused, anonymous, responsibility is diffused |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups often make riskier decisions than individuals did |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
groups tend to enhance initial attitudes of members who already agree
typically occurs when a group is under intense pressure, facing external threats, biased in a particular direction
does not carefully process available info, dissension is discouraged, group members assure each other they're doing the right thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extreme form of group polarization where group members are concerned w/ maintaining group's cohesiveness, so for the sake of cordiality the group will make a bad decision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expected standards of conduct that influence behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
altering of one's opinions or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms
social influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stationary point of light seems to move when viewed in a totally dark environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tendency to agree to do things requested by others
people in good moods are more likely to comply, people often comply b/c they don't always pay attention and respond w/o considering their options |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people will more likely comply w/ a large and undesirable request if earlier they have agreed to a small request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people will more likely agree to a small request after they have refused a large request b/c the second one is more modest in comparison and they want to be reasonable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salespeople offer a product for a low price and once the customer agrees they increase prices and people still pay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors that infleunce people to follow orders given by an authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obedience, shock experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any behavior/action that involves intention to harm someone else
stimulating septum, amygdala, or hypothalamus leads to corresponding changes in level of aggression displayed
enhancing serotonin activity decreases aggression
decreased serotonin may impact good decision making in face of danger/social threat |
|
|
Term
| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
|
Definition
extent to people feel frustrated predicts likelihood that they will be aggressive
more people's goals are blocked, greater frustration, and greater their aggression |
|
|
Term
| cogntiive-neoassociatonistic model |
|
Definition
frustration leads to aggression by eliciting negative emotions
any situation that induces negative emotions can trigger physical aggression even if it doesn't induce frustration
negative emotion primes cognitive knowledge associated w/ aggression, causing aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
belief in which men are primed to protect reputations through physical aggression
supports Bandura's social learning theory saying aggressive behavior is learned through vicarious social observation of both reward/punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tending to benefit others
includes: doing favors, offering assistance, paying compliments, etc., promoting positive interpersonal relationships
motivated by empathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| providing help when it is needed without any apparent rewar dfor doing so |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adaptive benefits of transmitting genes rather than focusing on individual survival
people are altruistic toward those with whom they share genes [kin selection]
reciprocal helping: one animal helps another b/c the other may return the favor in the future |
|
|
Term
| bystander intervention effect |
|
Definition
failure to offer help to someone observed to be in need
four reasons:
1)diffusion of responsibility, people expect other bystanders to help
2) people fear making social blunders in an ambiguous situation
3) people will less likely help when they are anonymous and can remain
4) people weigh how much harm to themselves they risk by helping against what benefits they may have to forgo if they help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most successful romantic couples also tend to be the most physically similar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
state of intense longing and sexual desire, portrayed stereotypically in movies
people fall head over heels for each other, feel an urge to be together, sexually aroused in each other's presence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong commitment to care for and support a partner that develops slowly over time, base don friendship, trust, respect, intimacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most successful type of couple
partners may disagree but each partner considers other's opinions and emotions valid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over a lifetime and across circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Freud: unconscious forces influence behavior
forces = instincts [mental representations arising out of biological or physical need]
life instinct: satisfied by pleasure principle [directs people to seek pleasure/avoid pain]
libido = energy that drives pleasure principle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Freud. mind is divided into three zones of mental awareness
conscious: people are aware of thoughts
preconscious level: [under conscious] content that is not currently in awareness but could be brought into awareness [long term memory]
unconscious: contains material that the mind cannot easily retrieve [wishes, desires, motives, associated with conflict, anxiety, pain] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious information leaks into consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Freud; developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges
oral stage: birth-18 months, time pleasure si sought through the mouth [sucking]
2-3 years old: anal phase, toilet training
phallic stage: 3-5 yrs old: direct libidinal energies toward genitals
latency stage: libidinal urges are suppressed/channeled into schoolwork/friendships
genital stage: adolescents/adults attain mature attitudes about sexuality, reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children develop hostility toward same-sex parent /c children want exclusive relationship with opposite-sex parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
those fixated at oral state
continue to seek pleasure through mouth, excessively needy |
|
|
Term
| anal-retentive personalities |
|
Definition
fixated at anal phase
stubborn, highly regulated |
|
|
Term
| Freud's hierarchical model of the mind |
|
Definition
basic level: id, submerged in unconscious: operates according to pleasure principle [acting on impulses/desires], driven by sex/aggression
superego: internalization of parental and societal standards of conduct, rigid structure of morality/conscience
ego: mediates between superego and id, tries to satisfy id's wishes while being responsive to the dictates of the superego. operates on reality principle: rational thinking/problem solving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress
reaction formation:person wards off uncomfortable thought about the self by embracing the opposite thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| object of attachment is another person such as a parent or spouse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emphasize personal experience and belief systems and propose that humans seek to fulfill their potential for personal growth through greater self understanding [self actualization]
focuses on subjective human experience [phenomenology], views people as inherently good |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory of motivation: desire to become self-actualized is ultimate and most important human motive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carl Rogers
emphasized people's personal understandings/phenomonology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive emotions prompt people to consider novel solutions to their problems, thus resilient people tend tod raw on their positive emotions in dealing w/ setbacks or negative life experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discrete categories based on global personality characteristics |
|
|
Term
| implicit personality theory |
|
Definition
| our tendency to assume certain personality characteristics go together, and we therefore make predictions about people based on minimal evidence |
|
|
Term
| trait approach to personality |
|
Definition
| provides a method for assessing the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions, such as sociability/cheerfulness/aggressiveness |
|
|
Term
| Eysenck's hierarchical model |
|
Definition
basic structure: specific response level-->consists of observed behaviors
habitual response level: ex: buying an item on sale not b/c you need it but b/c it is on sale
trait: if a person is observed to behave the same way on many occasions |
|
|
Term
| Eysenck's superordinate traits |
|
Definition
1)introversion/extroversion: extent to which people are shy, reserved, sociable, quiet, etc.
2) emotional stability: extent to which people's moods and emotions change [low emotional stability = neurotic]
3) psychoticism: mix of aggression, impulse control, empathy: high in psychotocism are more aggressive, impulsive, self centered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ideas that personality can be described by five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people's understandings of their circumstances
develop through people's experiences and represent their interpretations and explanations for events in their social worlds
behavior = function of people's expectancies for reinforcement as well as the values they ascribe for particular reinforcers |
|
|
Term
| cognitive-social theories of personality |
|
Definition
| emphasize how personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations shape behavior and personality |
|
|
Term
| cognitive-affective personality system |
|
Definition
| people's responses are influenced by how they perceive a given situation, their affective [emotional] response to the situation, their skills in dealing w/ challenges, and anticipation of the outcomes of their behaviors |
|
|
Term
| self regulatory capacities |
|
Definition
| people set personal goals, evaluate progress, adjust behaviors accordingly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person-centered, focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focus on characteristics common among all people but on which individuals vary
focus on common traits
people are unique b/c of unique combination of common traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
explore conscious by having people describe or tell stories about ambiguous stimulus items
people will project mental contents onto the ambiguous items, revealing hidden aspects of personality such as motives, wishes,and unconscious conflicts |
|
|
Term
| Thematic Apperception Test [TAT} |
|
Definition
person is showed an ambiguous picture and is asked to tell a story about it, scoring the story is based on motivational schemes that emerge which reflect storyteller's personal motives
useful for measuring motivational traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct assessment sof personality based on info gathered through self report or observer ratings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behaviors are determined more by situation than by personality traits
problem with this: eten tot which a trait predicts behavior depends on centrality of the trait, aggregation of behaviors over time, type of trait being evaluated
personality traits are predicitve of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying dispositions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
general tendencies to feel/act in certain ways
three characteristics can be considered temperaments:
1) activity level: overall amount of energy and behavior a person exhibits
2) emotionality: intensity of emotional reactions
3) sociability: general tendency to affiliate with others, high sociability people prefer to be with others rather than be alone |
|
|
Term
| ARAS ascending reticular activating system |
|
Definition
regulates cortical arousal which varies for extroverts/introverts
each person operates best at optimal level of arousal: resting levels of ARAS are higher for introverts than extroverts
introverts and extroverts differ w/ level of arousability [reactivity to stimuli] so introverts are more arousable
sensation seekers: have a neurochemical deficiency that motivates them to seek arousal through adventures and new experiences, tend to be easily bored and escape w/ drugzzzz |
|
|
Term
| behavioral approach system BAS |
|
Definition
| brain system involved in pursuit of incentives/rewards [go system] |
|
|
Term
| behavioral inhibition system BIS |
|
Definition
sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger/pain
extroverts act impulsively in face of strong regards
BIS associated w/ activity in frontal lobes which help inhibit inappropriate social behavior
amygdala also associated w/ social sensitivity and cues processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dispositional traits determined largely by biological processes [very stable] |
|
|
Term
| characteristic adaptations |
|
Definition
adjustments to situational demands, tend to be somewhat consistent because they are based on skills, habits, roles, so on
also, environments get more stable in adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
everything you know about yourself
is the cognitive knowledge structure that guides your attention to information relevant to you and that helps you adjust to your environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
self the knower [i]: thinking, feeling, acting, executive functions
self the object [me]-->objectified self: knowledge self holds about self like best and worst qualities
self awareness: when the I thinks about the me
self discrepancy theory: awareness of difference between personal standards and goals leads to strong emotions
self awareness = dependent on normal development of forntal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cognitive aspect of self concept, consisting of integrated set of memories, beliefs, generalizations about the self
can be viewed as network of interconnected knowledge about self
helps us perceive, organize, interpret, use information about self
help filter info so each one of us will likely notice things that are self relevant like our own names
may lead to enhanced memory for info processed in self-referential manner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immediate experience of self
limited to amount of personal info that can be processed cognitively at any given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evaluative aspect of self concept, indicating people's emotional response as they contemplate various characteristics about themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people internalize values and beliefs expressed by important people in their lives, adopting those attitudes as thir own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self esteem is the gauge that measures extent to which a person believes he/she is being included or excluded from a social group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
self esteem protects people from the horror associated w/ knowing that eventually they will die
create a sense of symbolic immortality through contributing t their culture and upholding its values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
self centered people view themselves in grandiose terms, feel entitled to special treatment, and are manipulative
love themselves, poor relationship with others |
|
|
Term
| people's positive illusions in 3 domains |
|
Definition
1) continually experience better than average effect
2) unrealistically perceive personal control over events
3) unrealistically optimistic about personal futures, believing they will be successful, marry, and live happily ever after |
|
|
Term
| self-evaluative maintenance |
|
Definition
| people can feel threatened when someone close to them outperforms them on a task that is personally relevant |
|
|
Term
| self-evaluative maintenance |
|
Definition
| people can feel threatened when someone close to them outperforms them on a task that is personally relevant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when people evaluate their own actions, abilities, and beliefs by contrasting them with other people's
people compare themselves to others to see where they stand
high self esteem ppl make downward comparisons
people view current selves > former selves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
high self esteem people think criticism is motivated by envy/prejudice |
|
|
Term
| interdependent self-construals |
|
Definition
| people in collectivist culture's self concepts are determined a lot by their social roles and personal relationships |
|
|
Term
| independent self construals |
|
Definition
| parents and teachers encourage children to be self reliant and pursue personal success, even at the expense of interpersonal relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disorder of the mind
criteria for behavior that represents psychopathology:
1) does the behavior deviate from cultural norms
2) is the behavior manipulative
3) is the behavior causing the individual personal distress
maladaptive rather than deviant, must impact some aspects of peoples work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors that contribute to the development of a disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
system used in the DSM [diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders, standard in psychiatry/psychology] which is based on five dimensions/axes [various factors that impact mental health]:
1) clinical disorders
2) mental retardation/personality disorders
3) medical conditions
4) psychosocial problems
5) global/overall assessment of how well a person is functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process of examining a person's ental functions and psychological health
first goal: make a diagnosis so the appropriate treatment can be provided
prognosis: course and probable outcome
mental status exam: provides a snapshot of patient's psychological functioning, involves behavioral observations that evaluate person for characteristics like personal grooming, eye contact, twitches, etc.
clinical interview: interview's skills detemrine quantity and value of information obtained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior, psychological testing [using MMPI which has true/false items assessing emotions, thoughts, behaviors and includes validity scales which measures probability that they're being not truthful], neuropsychological testing: client performs actions requiring abilities like coordinating, planning, remembering, and seeing problems can indicate problems with a certain brain regions |
|
|
Term
| evidence based assessment |
|
Definition
| research guides evaluation of mental disorders, selection of appropriate psychological tests/neuropsychological methods, and use of critical thinking in making a diagnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many mental disorders occur together |
|
|
Term
| dissociative identity disorder [DID] |
|
Definition
occurrence of 2+ distinct identities in the same individual
example of dissociative disorders which involve disruptions of identity, memory, and conscious awareness
different identities develop to deal with different traumas, sometimes only one identity is aware of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an individual can have an underlying vulnerability/predisposition [diathesis] to a mental disorder
diathesis can be biological like a genetic disposition or environmental like childhood trauma.
if stress level exceeds individual's ability to cope, symptoms of a mental disorder will occur |
|
|
Term
| biological factors of mental disorders |
|
Definition
fetus is vulnerable: mental disorders may arise from prenatal problems like malnutrition, toxin exposure, etc. as a result of their impact on the CNS
neurotransmitters also play a role in dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within the family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
views psychopathology as a result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures
differences occur b/c of differences in lifestyles, expectations, opportunities among classes |
|
|
Term
| cognitive-behavioral approach |
|
Definition
abnormal behavior is learned, mental disorders result from classical and operant conditioning
thoughts and beliefs are types of behavior and can be studied empirically
thoughts can become distorted and produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by negative emotions like distres/fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by disinhibition like alcoholism, conduct disorders, antisocial behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disorders mainly found in specific cultures/regions
disorders w/ strong biological component are consistent among cultures however |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characterized by excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger
chronic anxiety-->arousal of autonomic nervous system, causes symptoms like sweating, dry mouth, rapid pulse, shallow breathing, increased blood pressure, etc, restless and pointless motor behaviors as well
best treatment = those that focus on behavior and cognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA social anxiety disorder
fear of being negatively evaluated by others, being afraid of public speaking/speaking in class, meeting new people, eating in front of others, etc.
more social fear someone has-->more likely to develop a disorder |
|
|
Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
diffuse/always present, constantly anxious worry incessantly even about minor matters
can occur in response to almost anything |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involves sudden and overwhelming attacks of terror that seemingly come out of nowhere or are cued by external stimuli/internal thought processes
last for several minutes, may feel dizzy/lightheaded, numbness/tingling in hands and feet, etc.
best treatments = cognitive therapy like cognitive restructuring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear of being in situations in which escape is difficult/impossible to the extent that being in such situations causes panic attacks |
|
|
Term
| obsessive compulsive disorder |
|
Definition
frequent intrusive thoughts/compulsive actions
obsessions: recurrent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts/ideas or mental images
compulsions: particular acts that the OCD patient feels driven to perform over and over again
OCD people anticipate catastrophe/loss of control
people are aware they are being irrational but are unable to stop them
anxiety gets paired to a certain event and the person engages in a behavior that reduces anxiety and is reinforced therefore through operant conditioning
is in part genetic
glutumate [major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain]
caudate [brain structure that suppresses impulses] is smaller and has structural abnormalities in people with OCD
treatments that enhance immune system has been found to diminish OCD symptoms
best treatment: clomipramine, potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor
two most important components of behavioral therapy for OCD are exposure and response prevention ; cognitive behavior therapy is good too; DBS could potentially be helpful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reflect extreme emotions
depressive disorders: persistent/pervasive feelings of sadness
bipolar disorders: radical fluctuations in mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
person must have 1 of 2 symptoms:
depressed [irritable] mood or loss of interest in pleasurable activities
other symptoms: appetite/weight changes, sleep disturbances, loss of energy, difficulty concentrating, feelings of self-reproach, thoughts of death/suicide
medications like Prozac [a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI] increase increase serotonin which impacts depression. damage to left prefrontal cortex can lead to depression
cognitive behavioral therapy can also be helpful
ECT can be effective for patients for whom other treatments have failed
TMS can also reduce depressive symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mild/moderate severity
must have a depressed mood most of the day, more days than not, for at least two years
the depression is not serious enough to get a legit diagnosis but its considered a personality disorder, could often precede major depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
manic episodes: elevated mood, increased activity, diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts, distractibility; heightened level of activity/euphoria result in excessive involvement in pleasurable but foolish activities
hypomanic episodes: heightened creativity and productivity, can be extremely pleasurable/rewarding, not too disruptive in people's lives
equal prevalence in women and men
hereditary component of this order is complex/not just related to one gene
most effective treatment = Lithium: moderates neurotransmitter levels, balancing excitatory and inhibitory activities; stabilizes mood btu has unpleasant side effects |
|
|
Term
| biological rhythms and depression |
|
Definition
depressed patients enter REM more quickly/have more REM sleep
seasonal affective disorder: periods of depression corresponding to shorter days of winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aaron Beck
depressed people think negatively about themselves, their situation, and their future |
|
|
Term
| learned helplessness model |
|
Definition
people see themselves as unable to have any effect on events in their lives
come to expect bad things will happen to them and believe they are powerless to avoid negative events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mental disorder characterized by alternations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts or consciousness
psychotic disorder: characterized by alterations in thoughts, perceptions, or in consciousness
characterized by a combination of abnormalities: motor, cognitive, behavioral, perceptual
genetic predisposition, multiple genes contribute to this
brain disorder. ventricles enlarged, actual brain tissue is reduced
could involve abnormalities in glial cells that make up myelin sheath which would impair neurotransmission
abnormality in neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| positive/negative symptoms |
|
Definition
schizophrenia
positive-->excesses
negative-->deficits in functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
persist in beliefs despite evidence that contradicts those beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
frequently auditory, false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source
associated w/ activation in cortical areas that process external sensory stimuli |
|
|
Term
| loosening of associations |
|
Definition
schizophrenics: occurs when an individual shifts between seemingly unrelated topics as he/she speaks, making it difficult/impossible for listener to follow train of thought
clang associations: stringing together of words that rhyme but have no other apparent link |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acting in strange/unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs/bizarre speech/inappropriate self care |
|
|
Term
| five factors that predict onset of psychotic disorders |
|
Definition
1) family history of schizophrenia
2) greater social impairment
3) higher levels of suspicion/paranoia
4) history of substance abuse
5) higher level of thoughts
increased stress of urban environments can trigger onset of disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when people's interactions with the world in maladaptive/inflexible ways cause problems in social situations
divided into three groups:
1) odd/eccentric behavior: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal. individuals are reclusive, suspicious, difficulty forming relationships b/c of strange behavior
2) histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
dramatic, emotional, erratic behaviors
3) avoidant, dependent, obsessive-complex anxious, fearful behaviors; more general than the other two
overlap in criteria for disorders so people often quality for more than one |
|
|
Term
| borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
characterized by identity, affective, and impulse disturbances
people lack strong self of self, cannot tolerate being alone, intense fear of abandonment, manipulative in attempt to control relationships
emotional instability, impulsivity
possibly genetic: low serotonin levels like depression have been seen in this disorder |
|
|
Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
marked by lack of empathy/remorse
tend to be hedonistic, seeking immediate gratification for wants/needs without any thought of others
repeatedly perform illegal acts, lie or use aliases, reckless disregard for safety
do not get anxiety when subjected to aversive stimuli, lower overall level of arousal
amygdala abnormalities: smaller, less responsive to negative stimuli
deficits in frontal lobe functioning may account for lack of forethought/inability to consider others
diminished cortical arousal so treatment involves stimulants; medications aren't very effective however
behavioral approaches reinforce appropriate behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
developmental disorder involving deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, restricted interests
deficits in communication both nonverbal and verbal
odd speech patterns like echolalia and pronoun reversal
restricted activities and interests, repetitive behavior
seemingly unaware of others
strong hereditary component: prenatal/neonetal events: brains grow large quickly and then slow down, do not have normal adolescent growth
deficit in oxytocin could contribute to this
structural therapy in treatment is most effective
serotonin: SSRIs have been tried as treatments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high functioning autism, children of normal intelligence have deficits in social interaction, reflecting an underdeveloped theory of mind |
|
|
Term
| attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
|
Definition
restless, inattentive, impulsve behaviors, can make unintentional social mistakes
causes vary: children may come from poor parenting families
genetics: reduced metabolism in brian region involved in self regulation of motor function and attentional systems
frontal lobe damage [planning, concentration, etc.], abnormal activation of frontal lobe
treatment: CNS stimulant methylphenidate [Ritalin]; impacts dopamine, decreases overactivity and distractibility, increases attention/ability to concentrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generic name given to formal psychological treatment
involve interactions between practitioner and client aimed at helping client understand his/her symptoms
generally aimed a changing patterns of thoughts/behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medical approaches to illness and diseases based on notion that mental disorders result from abnormalities in neural and bodily processes
treatments range from electrical stimulation, drugs, surgical interventions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focuses on insight: uncovering unconscious feelings and drives that gave rise to maladaptive thoughts/behaviors
free association: client says whatever will come to mind
dream analysis: therapist interprets hidden meaning of client's dreams
goal: increase client's awareness of these unconscious processes and daily functioning using this insight [personal understanding of own psychological processes] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focus on the whole person
client-centered therapy: encourages personal growth through greater self-understanding.
important: create safe, comforting setting for client sot access true feelings
helps client focus on his/her subjective experience, often by using reflective listening where the therapist repeats client's concerns to help person clarify his/her feelings
motivational interviewing: client-centered approach over a short period |
|
|
Term
| cognitive-behavioral therapy |
|
Definition
targets thoughts and behaviors
treat thoughts and behaviors as the problem and target them in their therapy
behavioral therapy: behavior is learned and can be unlearned using classical and operant conditioning
cognitive therapy: distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions
cognitive restructuring: clinicians help clients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality
rational-emotive therapy: therapists act as teachers who explain/demonstrate more adaptive ways of thinking and behaving
interpersonal therapy: focuses on relationships client attempts to avoid
cognitive behavioral therapy: incorporates techniques from both behavioral and cognitive therapy, tries to correct faulty cognitions and trains client to engage in new behaviors
implements exposure: client is exposed repeatedly to anxiety-producing stimulus or situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of interactions that include emotional overinvolvement, critical comments, hostility toward a patient by family members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drugs that affect mental processes: act by changing brain neurochemistry
fall into three categories: anti-anxiety drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tranquilizers; used for short-term treatment of anxiety
increase activity of GABA, inhibitory neurotransmitter
xanax, ativan, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to treat depression
monoamine oxidase: enzyme that converts serotonin into another chemical form; MAO inhibitors result in more available serotonin for bran synapses, increase levels of norepinephrine and dopamine
tricyclic antidepressant: inhibit reuptake of certain neurotransmitters
SSRIs: inhibit reuptake of serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA neuroleptics; used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis
reduce symptoms like delusions and hallucinations; bind to dopamine receptors, blocking effects of dopamine
anti-convulsants: drugs that prevent seizures that also regulate moods in bipolar disorder |
|
|
Term
| electroconvulsive therapy ECT |
|
Definition
| places electrodes on patient's head and administering electrical current thats really strong to the patient's brain, used to treat depression |
|
|
Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS |
|
Definition
electrical current produces a magnetic field that induces an electrical current in brain region, interrupting neural function in that region
single-pulse TMS: disruption of brain activity only occurs during brief period fo stimulation
repeated TMS: disruption can last beyond period of direct stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surgically implanting electrodes within the brain, using mild electricity to stimulate brain at optimal frequencies/intensity
used to treat Parkinson's symptoms
DBS has few side effects, low complication rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evidence-based treatment
1) vary according to particular mental disorder and client's specific psychological symptoms
2) techniques used in these treatments have been developed in labs by psych scientists
3) no overall grand theory guides treatment; based on evidence of its effectiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
doctoral degree
emphasizes design and analysis of research and use of treatments that have empirical support, work in academic/hospital settings
PsyD: emphasizes clinical skills ove research, ment for those who intend to provide direct mental health service, don't prescribe medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medical degree, 3-4 additional years of specialized training in residency programs
work in hospitals/private practice, legally authorized to prescribe drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PhD in counseling psychology, deal w/ problems of adjustment and life stress that do not involve mental illness |
|
|
Term
| psychiatric social workers |
|
Definition
master's degree in social work [MSW] and specialized training in mental health care
work in psychiatric hospitals or may visit people at home and address problems there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bachelor's degree in nursing, special training in care of mentally ill patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited advanced training, work under supervision, assist those w/ mental health problems in the challenges of daily living |
|
|
Term
| dialectical behavior therapy |
|
Definition
used to treat borderline personality disorder: combines elements of behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic approaches
patients seen in groups/individual sessions, therapy proceeds in three stages
1) therapist targets patient's most extreme/dysfunctional behaviors and attempt to replace these behaviors w/ more appropriate ones
2) therapist helps patient explore past traumatic experiences that may be at root of emotional problems
3) helps patient develop self-respect and independent problem solving |
|
|
Term
| applied behavioral analysis |
|
Definition
behavioral treatment for autism
based on principles fo operant conditioning: intensive interaction b/w autistic students and their teachers and parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Texting, sending e-mails, looking at photographs to connect with other people: throughout the day, its our little ways to reach out to other people to remind ourselves we’re not alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not quite real attachments w/ family or friends or partner but they are still meaningful to us…like our teacher’s love for the cast of Glee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
personality assessment
Open: known to self and others
Hidden: Known to self and not known to others
Blind spot: Not known to self but known to others
Unknown: Not know to self nor others |
|
|
Term
| life cycle of a mental illness |
|
Definition
i. Predisposing factors
1. Genetic liabilities
2. Environmental assaults
3. Chronic stress
4. Learned beliefs
ii. precipitating factors:: can actually cause disease to first show up
1. Acute stress
2. New responsibilities
3. Perceived threat
4. Loss
iii. Perpetuating factors
1. reinforcers
2. Expectations
3. Secondary gain |
|
|
Term
| Paraphilic coercive disorder |
|
Definition
1. Recurrent, intense sexual arousal from sexual coercion
2. Clinical significant distress or has sought sexual stimulation from forcing sex on 3+ nonconsenting persons on separate occasions
3. Distinct from Sexual Sadism disorder |
|
|
Term
| antidepressants increase availability of |
|
Definition
| serotonin and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
18,000 personality descriptors
factor analysis
trait theory: 1) cardinal [analysis] 2) central [honest] 3) secondary [passionate] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
factor analysis using Allport's 18,000 adjectives
broke it down into sixteen source traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
factor analysis using Allport's 18,000 adjectives
broke it down into sixteen source traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hierarchical model of levels
1) superordinate
2) trait
3) habitual response
4) specific response |
|
|
