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| Developed the first well-known trait theory. Identified 16 basic trait dimensions and created a questionnaire called the 16 PF Questionnaire to measure them. |
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| Condensed Cattell's 16 traits down to 5. Resulting in the five-factor model, or the Big Five. |
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Fiske
neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Measured by the NEO Personality Inventory questionnaire (developed by Costa and McCrae). |
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| David Wilson and colleagues Categorize pumpkinseed sunfish as bold or cautious. Found that bold fish: adapted more readily to a different environment, more frequently swam off on their own, and were more likely to approach rather than avoid a human observer. |
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| Personality theories that emphasize the interplay of mental forces. Premises: people are often unconscious of their motives, and processes called defense mechanisms work within the mind to keep unacceptable thoughts out of consciousness. |
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| The process by which anxious thoughts are pushed out of the conscious mind. |
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| When an unacceptable unconscious wish is redirected toward a more acceptable alternative. |
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| Displacement towards activities that are valued by society, such as arts, science, or humanitarian endeavors. |
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| The conversion of a frightened with into its safer opposite. |
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| When a person consciously experiences an unconscious drive as though it were someone else's. |
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| Use of conscious reasoning to explain away anxious thoughts or feelings. |
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George Vaillant's study at Harvard.
Immature defense: distorts reality the most and leads to the most ineffective behavior.
Intermmediate: includes repression and reaction formation, less distortion.
Mature: least distortion and most adaptive behavior. |
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| Emphasize people's conscious understanding of themselves and capacity to choose their own paths to fulfillment. In contrast to psychodynamic theory's focus on the unconscious drives. |
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| Each person's conscious understanding of his or her world. |
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| Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
1: physiological
2. safety
3. belongingness and love
4. esteem
5. self-actualization |
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| Social-cognitive theories |
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Definition
| Emphasize the roles of beliefs and habits of thought that are acquired through one's unique experiences in the social environment. |
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People's generalized disposition acquired from past experience, to believe that rewards either are or are not usually controllable by their iown efforts.
Internal locus: individual control of their rewards.
External locus: believe that rewards are controlled by factors outside themselves. |
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People's beliefs about their own abilities to perform specific tasks.
e.g. have a high self-efficacy about a task. |
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| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. |
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| Any characteristic of a person's actions, thoughts, or feelings that could be a potential indicator of a mental disorder. |
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| A constellation of interrelated symptoms manifested by a given individual. |
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| Three criteria for a mental disorder |
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Definition
1. Involves a clinically significant detriment - distress or impairment of functioning.
2. Derives from an internal source.
3. Is not subject to voluntary control. |
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Expressions of mental distress that are almost completely limited to specific cultural groups.
e.g. fear of offending others through one's own awkward social behavior in Japan |
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Attention Deficit Disorder. Three types:
1. Predominantly inattentive 2. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive 3. Combined type |
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| A congenital disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 in the egg cell. |
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| Congenital disorder characterized primarily by a severe deficit in social instincts. |
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| Characterized psychologically by progressive deterioration in all cognitive abilities. Neurologically, characterized by certain physical disruptions in the brain. |
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| Disorders that are reversible. May be brought on by stressful environmental experiences. |
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Definition
Three categories of causes of mental disorders:
1. Predisposing - inheritability, environment, etc.
2. Precipitating - immediate events in a person's life that bring on the disorder.
3. Perpetuating - consequences of a disorder that help keep it going once it begins. |
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| Causes for sex differences in prevalence of specific disorders |
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Definition
1. Differences in reporting or suppressing distress.
2. Clinicians' expectations for sex differences.
3. Differences in social roles and experiences.
4. Differences in ways of responding to stressful situations. |
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Definition
| Where fear or anxiety is the most prominent symptom. |
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| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| Where people worry continuously, about multiple issues, and experience muscle tension, irritability, difficulty in sleeping, and sometimes gastrointestinal upset. |
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| Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| Where obsessions and their compulsions consume more than an hour per day of a person's time and seriously interferes with work or social relationships. |
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Definition
| Where a person experiences at least two panic attacks (usually last several minutes and are accompanied by high physiological arousal and fear of losing control), each followed by at least 1 month of debilitating worry about having another attack. |
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| Posttraumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
The only anxiety disorder that is necessarily brought on by stressful experiences.
Most common in torture victims, etc. |
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Definition
Two categories:
1. Depressive: prolonged or extreme depression.
2. Bipolar: alternating episodes of mania and depression. |
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Two main classes:
1. Major depression - severe symptoms that last without remission for at least 2 weeks.
2. Dysthymia - less severe symptoms that last for at least 2 years. |
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Two main types:
1. Bipolar I: classic type, characterized by at least one manic episode and at least on depressive episode.
Bipolar II: the thigh phase is less extreme and is referred to as hypomania rather than mania. |
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Where the person experiences bodily ailments in the absence of any physical disease that could cause them.
Believed to result from psychological distress.
A high percentage are people who find a psychological diagnosis unacceptable. |
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The person temporarily loses some bodily function, perhaps becoming blind, deaf, or partially paralyzed, in a manner that cannot be explained in terms of physical damage to the affected organs or their neural connections.
A type of somatoform disorder. |
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| Psychological factors affecting medical condition |
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Definition
| One's behavior or emotions precipitate or influence the course of disease that clearly does have a physical, medical basis. |
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A split among mental processes leading to bizarre and disorganized thoughts and actions.
Involves delusions - false beliefs held in the face of compelling evidence to the contrary. |
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| Behavior that is unresponsive to the environment. May involve excited, restless motor activity that is not directed meaningfully toward the environment, or catatonic stupor (complete lack of movement for long periods). |
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| Variations of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
1. Paranoid type - delusions of persecution and grandeur and hallucinations.
2. Catatonic type - mainly non-reaction to the environment.
3. Disorganized type - disorganized speech, behavior. |
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Definition
| The percentage of relatives of the index cases (a group of people studied), that have the same disorder. |
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Definition
Treat schizophrenia and other disorders in which psychotic symptoms predominate.
They decrease the activity of the neurotransmitter dopmine at certain synapses in the brain.
Two types:
1. Typical - Relieve positive symptoms, but do not reduce negative symptoms.
2. Atypical - partially relieve the negative symptoms as well. |
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Definition
Commonly referred to as tranquilizers. They augment the action of the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain, which is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter.
e.g. benzodiazepines |
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Definition
| Tricyclics used to be the most common, but now selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used. |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| Primarily used for severe depression that do not respond to psychotherapy or antidepressant drugs. |
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| the surgical cutting or production of lesions in portions of the brain to relieve a mental disorder. |
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| Four varities of psychotherapy |
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Definition
1. Psychodynamic
2. Humanistic
3. Cognitive
4. Behavioral |
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Definition
Based on Freud's idea that mental problems arise from unresolved mental conflicts, which themselves arise from the holding of contradictory motives and beliefs.
Use free association and dream analysis, as well as look for childhood causes.
e.g. the Rat Man - horrible fantasy that rats torture his father and woman actually stems from his father's opposition to marriage. |
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Definition
Goal is to help people regain awareness of their own desires and control of their own lives.
Carl Rogers invented the person-centered therapy - where the therapist allows the client to take the lead. The therapist listens carefully and empathetically, providing unconditional but genuine positive regard.
e.g. Roger's meeting with a silent and bitter young man...
e.g. |
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Definition
Goal is to identify maladaptive ways of thinking and replace them with adaptive ways taht provide a base for more effective coping with the real world. Centers on conscious thoughts. First identify and correct maladaptive beliefs, then establish goals and steps for achieving them, then therapists moves from role of teaching to consulting.
Best known: Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. |
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Cognitive therapy.
Takes a direct and blunt approach. Uses ABC theory of emotions, where A is the activating event, B is the belief triggered, and C is the emotional consequence of that belief. |
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Cognitive therapy.
Takes a Socratic approach, in which, through quesetioning, gets the patient to discover and correct the irrational thought. |
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Deals directly with maladaptive behaviors. The therapist is a trainer for his/her client. Clients are exposed to new environmental conditions that are designed to retrain them, so that maladaptive habitual or reflexive ways or responding become extinguished.
e.g. Miss Muffet and her fear of spiders, with therapist Hoffman. |
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Definition
All thereapy programs that alter the contingency between actions and rewards.
e.g. token economies. |
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