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1963
Developed a theory of social development, that each stage of life is associated with a particular problem or set of problems to be resolved through interactions with other people.
In infancy, the primary problem is developoing a sense of trust, or people that can be relied upon for care and help.
Age 1-12 has three stages: autonomy (self-control), initiative (willingness to initiate actions), and industry (competence in completing tasks). |
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Raised infant monkeys in cages with two surrogate mothers, one made of wire and the other covered in cloth.
Found that regardless which surrogate fed the monkey, all infants treated the cloth surrogate as a mother.
Demonstrated the role of contact comfort in the development of attachment bonds. |
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Found that children exhibited distress when their mothers left them; pleasure when reunited; distress when approached by a stranger unless reassured by mothers; and more likely to explore an unfamiliar environment in the presence of their mothers than alone.
Behavior derived from natural selection. |
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| Developed by Mary Ainsworth to test attachment of infants to caregivers. The mother moves into and out of an unfamiliar room, leaving the infant either with a stranger or alone. Securely attached - confident when mother is present, upset when absent, and shows pleasure when she returns. Avoidant - avoids the mother and seems to act coldly toward her. Anxious - continues to cry and fret despite mother's attempts to comfort. |
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| Behavioral and emotional foundations for morality |
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Definition
1. Young children's natural tendency to give and help.
2. Early emergence of empathy and empathetic comforting - babies cry in response to other babies' crying.
3. Guild about one's own hurtful actions may be crucial to healthy social development. |
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Categorized disciplinary techiques:
1. Induction - verbal reasoning that induces the child to think about the harmful consequences of his/her actions.
2. Power assertion - use of physical force, punishmenet, or bribes to control behavior.
3. Love withdrawal - when parents express disapproval of the child, rather than just of the child's specific action. |
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Assessed parents' behaviors toward their children. Classified into 3 groups:
1. Authoritarian - parents value obedience for its own sake and use power assertion to control their children.
2. Authoritative - want their children to learn and abide by basic principles of right and wrong. Use inductive discipline coupled with power assertion.
3. Permissive - parents that tolerate disruptive actions and least likely to discipline them at all. |
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Definition
1992
Studied two Mexican villages
In the village where children saw their parents fight physically and other common acts of violence, they engaged in about twice as much serious fighting, and three times as much play fighting. |
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| Developmental function of play |
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Definition
1. Vehicle for acquiring skills - fighting, stalking, nurturing, making things, imagination, etc.
2. Vehicle for learning about rules and acquiring self-control - learn to work out disagreements and agree on game rules and enforcing them.
3. Age-mixed play - less competition, younger kids pay more attention to older kids, and older kids learn to take care of and nurture the younger ones. |
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| Children self-impose gender-segregation: by acting "girlish" or "boyish", girls and boys indicate that they are on their way to becoming sexually viable women and men. |
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The transition period from childhood to adulthood. Begins with the first signs of puberty.
The stage of identity crisis, the goal of which is to give up one's childhood identity and establish a new identity. (Erikson's stages of development) |
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| Adolescents have a false sense that they are protected from the mishaps and diseases that can happen to other people. |
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| Suggested that high delinquency rate is a pathological side effect of the early onset of puberty but delayed acceptance into legitimate adult society. |
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| Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning |
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Definition
| Stage 1: Obedience and punishment (good=reward, bad=punishment) 2: Self-interested exchanges (bargain conflicts in self-interest) 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity (must live up to the expectations of others who are important to them) 4: Law and order (to maintain social order, each person should resist personal pressures). 5. Human-rights and social-welfare (balance respect for laws with ethical principles that transcend specific laws). |
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| The finding that elderly people report greater current enjoyment of life than do middle-aged people, and middle-aged people report greater enjoyment than do young adults. |
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| Socioemotional selectivity theory |
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| As people grow older, they become gradually more concerned with enjoying the present and less concerned with preparing for the future. (Laura Carstensen) |
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| Stages of approaching death |
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Definition
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance |
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