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Definition
Problems that are specially designed to be difficult to solve until one looks at them in a way that is different from the usual way.
e.g. mutilated checkerboard with two squares removed, candle problem (must use the tacks box to hold up candle). |
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Definition
| A well-established habit of perception or thought. |
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Term
| Westerner vs. Non-westerner take on reasoning |
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Definition
East Asians - focus on the whole scene, sort things by function, practical, less abstract.
Westerners - opposite |
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Term
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Definition
Language affects many of teh ways that we perceive, remember, and think about the world.
Egocentric and directions.
Number words and math ability.
Sexism and the generic use of "man". |
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Term
| Effect of spatial terms on spatial reasoning |
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Definition
European languages regularly represent space in terms of an egocentric frame of reference.
Some languages use absolute frame of reference (north, east, etc). |
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Definition
Lived with a group of Australian Aboriginal speakers (no egocentric referencing).
They have a better sense of knowing where they are at any given time. |
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Definition
One of the first studies on what is intelligence.
Believed that intelligence manifests as mental quickness and sensory acuity. |
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Definition
Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
Believed that intelligence is a collection of various higher-order mental abilities that are only loosely related to one another.
Argued that intelligence is nurtured. |
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Definition
| The first intelligence test commonly used in North America. |
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Definition
The most common individually administered intelligence tests today are derived from Wechsler's tests.
Includes verbal and performance subtests. |
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Term
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Definition
Some common factor that is measured, more or less, by every mental test.
Proposed by Spearman. |
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Term
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Definition
1927
Found that people who score high on one intelligence test also tends to score on others.
Believed that there is a common factor g, or general intelligence. |
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Definition
| Believed that general intelligence consists of two factors: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to perceive relationships among stimuli independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships.
Defined by Cattell.
e.g. Raven's Progressive Matrices test |
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Term
| Crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
Mental ability derived directly from previous experience.
Defined by Cattell.
e.g. meaning of words, cultural practices, use of particular tools. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mental speed - inspection time of stimuli
2. Working-memory capacity
3. Mental self-government
4. Prefrontal Cortex - greatest increase in activity during tests of fluid intelligence. Its size correlates more strongly with IQ than does the size of any other cortical area. |
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Term
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Definition
| The proportion of the variance of a trait, in a given population, that derives from genetic variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The proportion of the total variance of a trait that results from environmental variation. |
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Term
| Types of Minority Status on IQ |
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Definition
Voluntary minorities - such as emigrates who wish to better themselves.
Involuntary/castelike minorities - such as African Americans and Buraku outcasts of Japan. When Burakus move to the U.S. the gap seen formerly between majority Japanese and Burakus disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Flynn Effect - increase in average IQ from one generation to the next. |
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